Free Greek Religion Essays and Papers
Greek Religion
Greek Religion The ancient Greeks with their brilliant and imaginative spirit created a complete order of things that functioned harmoniously in the infinite world that contained them. Although its exact origins are lost in time, Greek religion is thought to date from about the 2d millenium B.C., when the culture of Aryan invaders fused with those of the Aegean and Minoan peoples who had inhabited the region of Greece from Neolithic times [1]. The beginning and the genesis of this world occupied
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Greek gods represented many things, and some came from many other religions surrounding Greece. However, they all had a job, and they all have many worshippers depending on everyone’s situation. If you were near death you might pray to Hades, if you were a blacksmith wishing to craft great armor or weapons, Hephaestus is your god. Theres a god for any problem, which is why they closely related to the nature of man. Each god has a job to make people’s problems go away, and to punish others. If the
Greek Mythology and Religion
Greek Mythology and Religion Mythology is the study and interpretation of myth and the body of myths of a particular culture. Myth is a complex cultural phenomenon that can be approached from a number of viewpoints. In general, myth is a narrative that describes and portrays in symbolic language the origin of the basic elements and assumptions of a culture. Mythic narrative relates, for example, how the world began, how humans and animals were created, and how certain customs, gestures, or forms
Greek Religion Essay
Throughout the ancient world, religions and ideologies have developed into forms and practices that influence the very essence of civilizations. Religions could pose as a form of foundation for the beliefs, ideas, social organizations, and economic structures of a certain group of people. They provided a means of justification and form of unity between people and they helped establish and infuse new ideas into a culture. Religions were used as source to explain the misconcepted beliefs in nature
Religion In Ancient Greek Religion
Ancient Greek Religion There are many topics to be explored in Ancient Greek mythology. This unique polytheistic religion was based upon myth about anthropomorphic gods and goddesses. It impacted every facet of Grecian life from law and ritual to culture and art. The individual as well as society both influenced the characteristics of the religion and were influenced by the religion itself. The Cambridge Illustrated History of Ancient Greece explains a variety of ways in which the Greeks were influenced
What Is Greek Religion
The English word ‘religion’ is believed to have been derived from the Latin word ‘religo’ which means ‘good faith’ or ‘ritual’. Religion is a cultural system of behaviours and practices, world views, ethics, and social organisation that relate humanity to an order of existence. Faith is something one “believes in”. It is a belief that is not based on proof, but an obligation from loyalty, as stated by Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia. The ancient Greek religion was a blend of myths and legends
Greek mythology, are stories that talk about Gods, heroes, and rituals. These stories hold a great deal of fiction, which are more notable for the Greeks. Though, Greek myth was fictional, many believed them as true accounts. Greek mythology had a great deal of impact on the arts and literature of the Western civilization. Poets and artists used them to show inspiration and themes. Hero myths used components of tradition, folktale and fiction to write. In the following paragraphs I will be talking
Greek Religion: Polytheistic
gods are a major part of the Polytheistic Greek religion. There were many different gods of Greece. The Olympian gods led by Zeus and there were also other gods in the epic poem known as the Iliad. The Gods were called upon a lot. The purpose for them was to have an advantage or to have a better way of completing task in the easiest way possible. Each god had his or her own distinct personality and domain. For example Ares the Ancient Greek god of war. The greek militia may sometimes if not always pray
Athena In Greek Religion
spirit of wisdom, Athena is also known as a deity of guidance, war strategy, courage, civilization, heroic endeavor, law and justice, mathematics, the arts, crafts, skill, and widely renowned as the the virgin patroness of the Greek city-state, Athens, (in addition to other Greek city-states.) Among the complexities and graces of Athena's character,
Ancient Greek Religion
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Ancient Greek Religion: Mycenaean to Classical Period Ancient Greece has been a religion- centered culture since the earliest period of habitation in Greece, the Pre-Mycenaean/Mycenaean period. Also through to the Dark Ages to the Classical period. It is a religiously centered civilization, and did have significant changes in the how it was incorporated into people’s daily lives. Religion is important to know about the Ancient Greeks because through it we are able to understand how they lived their
Greek Religion Research Paper
they have a similar structure with a higher being watching over them and sometimes giving them guidance. Each religion is broken down into six dimensions which are cognitive, ethical, emotional, ritual, aesthetic and institutional (Cengage 9-11). All six of the dimensions show up in both ancient and current religions. One of the most fascinating religions is the Greek religion; it is a religion which consists of powerful gods and goddess like Zeus, Poseidon, and Aphrodite who lived on mountains as well
Ancient Greek Religion Essay
Religion in the Greek world has had an interesting history. Like many other ancient religions, the ancient Greek mythology began as a simple animistic faith. The elemental gods were soon perverted into anthropomorphized powers that controlled the mortal world on their own terms. Swayed by their very human whims, the Greek gods ruled over a world of chaos and war, peppered with extravagant arts and luxurious periods of peace. Such was the age of the poets. But soon came the age of the philosophers
Comparing Greek And Igbo's Religion
Do you know that all the religions have different gods, and those gods have different roles, and powers? In this comparison, I’m introducing about Greek and Igbo’s religion which also compare both religions in several different ways. For example, the role of each gods, how do they worship in their religions and why those religions die down. There are twelve supreme gods in Greek mythology and all of them are in charge in different roles, powers, and symbols. For example, Zeus is the most important
Greek and Roman Mythology and Religion
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Ever been interested in Greek and Roman mythology and religion. Greek and Romans are very similar in a bunch of things including their gods and traditions. Mythology are stories of myths. Religion is the belief of relationships with natural and supernatural things. These are very similar things but very different. Early religion in Greece has little asceticism and mystical rapture. These were Asian importations and did not came to be until the Hellenistic period (Macrone 46). Some of these myths
Greek Religion: The Role Of Religion In Ancient Greece
Religion is the belief and worship of a particular God or gods. Although many factors played a part in shaping Greek society, religion was a major one because of the study of mythology, the use of temples, and the celebrations and conducting of festivals and rituals. One aspect of Greek religion was mythology. Because of their belief in mythology, they worshipped many gods. “The poetry of Homer gave an account of the gods that provided Greek religion with a definite structure” (--------). Greece
Religion In Ancient Greek Culture
Religion is as important to people today as it was to the ancient Greeks. Though the ancient Greek religion is called both paganism and mythology, they wholeheartedly believed in their many gods and goddesses. They performed many rituals and held festivals to honor and pay tribute to the divines. This essay will go more in depth about the importance of this religion in ancient Greek culture, and discuss different divines and the types of worship that were performed for them. The Polytheistic Greek
Comparison of the Greek Religion in the Iliad to Christianity
Comparison of the Greek Religion in the Iliad to Christianity Throughout the Iliad of Homer there can be seen many features of the Greek religion. The features of religion that appear throughout this epic poem are those that existed during the time of Homer. By taking a better look at theses main features it can be seen that they are similar to those of Christianity today. Some of the existing main features of both are the following: the belief in gods or God, prayer, sacrifice, and funeral
Archetypes of Shinto and Ancient Greek Religion
countries as distant from each other as Japan and Greece. Japan’s religion, Shinto, has stories about sibling marriages and casting deformed children away. Greek myths have similar plots in their stories. There are reasons why these two completely different cultures have similar stories. The next three paragraphs explain why there are archetypes and differences in creation myths of Japan and Greece. Both Shinto myths and Greek myths have siblings marrying each other. For example, in one Shinto
Great Religions And Philosophies. : Greek Philosophy.
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Great Religions and Philosophies. : Greek Philosophy. In the 6th century B.C, there began a dualism in Greek Philosophy. The development of Greek Philosophy became a compromise between Greek monistic and oriental influences, in other words, a combination of intellectualism and mysticism. Thus began the pre-Socratic philosophy. The interests of pre- Socratic philosophers were centered on the world that surrounds man, the Cosmos. This was during the time of great internal and external disturbances
Ancient Greek and Mesopotamian Religions - A Comparison
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Ancient Religions By: MLB As civilization has progressed through the ages, many religions have arisen and taken hold around the world, two if the most interesting, being the religious beliefs of the ancient Mesopotamian and the Greeks. These two religions were practiced in different areas and at different times and, therefore, show that religion has played a critical role in every society and civilization. No matter how it is organized or what type of god is worshiped, a society would be nothing
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Ancient Greek Religion Essay
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Greek Mythology And Society : Ancient Greece
Throughout the course of time, different civilizations across the world hold one thing in common by which a society or culture can be based upon or help influence the structure. The one common thing that has help a civilization grow throughout the period of time would be the formation of a religion. Religion is a center point for many societies throughout history. As the center for the different civilizations, it helped form their different traditions and customs. The same could be said about the people of ancient Greece, where religion or mythology played an important role in their lives as it was the pedestal of their culture and how they base their lives upon. The formation of a religion across the large number of regions of Greece, help the different locations mold themselves by the customs that were created from the adaptation. During what was known as Ancient Greece, the people would hear tales of the twelve Olympians and how their actions influence the world around them. Within this period of time for the people of Greece was that of growth, as they sought to bring new ideas into light as they exited from a dark period within their own history.
How Did The Religion Of Ancient Greeks Played A Role?
In the ancient Greek world, religion was personal, direct, and present in its citizens’ daily lives. During this time, they participated in animal sacrifices and offerings, created myths to explain the beginning of the human race and gave reverence to their gods by building temples which controlled the urban landscape. They also participated in local festivals and sporting and artistic competitions. Religion was never out of the presence of ancient Greece’s citizens. While they may have made up their own mind on the terms of their religious beliefs, some may have been completely confused if these gods actually existed. There were certain fundamental beliefs that must have been sufficiently widespread, in order for the Greek government to function. In ancient Greece, gods existed, they influenced human concerns, and they welcomed and responded to acts of godliness and worship.
Greek Mythology : Ancient Greece
When people wonder about Ancient Greece the first thing that comes to their minds is Greek mythology; gods and goddesses that have helped shape many historical events. “In ancient Greece, stories about gods and goddesses and heroes and monsters were an important part of everyday life.” (“Greek Mythology.”) The civilization showed that numerous characters and stories helped shape Greeks. The beliefs the Greeks had with mythologies was they understood the meaning behind all the characters that are known today. However, to the Greeks, they were not just characters, these were their gods and goddesses who gave them meaning and understanding of the world around them. Worshiping the gods and goddesses helped them with their religious rituals and the temperament of the weather. A famous wine-jar that was made during this time period was “Achilles killing the Amazon Queen Penthesilea, 540-530 BCE, black-figured amphora”. (Khan Academy) The civilization that they lived in grew around their worship and achievements.
Mycenaean Civilization Dbq
Deep shafts lined with stone were the burial grounds of the elite in the Mycenaean Greek society. These shaft graves were also filled with gold and jewelry, and this is because it was believed that the owners would need them in the afterlife.
Expansion In Greece During The 1900's
Civilization flourished during the Neolithic period (7,000-3,000 BCE) (Orfeas Organisation-Greece, n.d.). The Bronze Age (3,000-1,100 BCE.), “saw major advances in social, economic, and technological advances that made Greece the hub of activity in the Mediterranean” (History of Greece: Bronze Age, n.d.). During this time period, there were three different civilizations that identified people at this time. These three civilizations were called the Cycladic civilization which was developed in the Aegean Islands; the Minoans which occupied Crete; and the Helladic which was the civilization of the Greek midland (History of Greece: Bronze Age, n.d.). The Helladic civilization was also called the “Age of Hero’s”, during the Mycenaean era. The Helladic civilization was the source of the mythological heroes such as Hercules, and epics such as the Odyssey (History of Greece: Bronze Age, n.d.). The considered first most advanced civilization in Europe was the Minoans (History of Greece: Bronze Age, n.d.). The Mycenaean philosophy (para. 2) “had a great deal of influence with its legends and Greek language on what later became the splendor of Classical Greece” (History of Greece: Bronze Age, n.d.). The culture that outlasted the Cyclades and the Minoans where the Mycenaeans. They had lengthened their impact over the mainland, Aegean Islands, Crete and the shore of Asia Minor by the end of the 10th c.
Greek Religion By Walter Burkert
In “Greek Religion”, Walter Burkert informs his readers mostly about the Greeks’ religious beliefs. In section one, Burkert begins to discuss the history of the Early Bronze Age, such as the vocabulary of Indo-European and the religion of the Minoan-Mycenaeans. He mentions the different cult places which include: caves, temples, graves, as well as peak, tree, and house sanctuaries. For example, a cult includes the Minoan Tree and Pillar Cult; the pillars and trees were sacred, however, they were not worshipped. He also goes on to explain about Minoan Deities, Mycenaean Gods and Linear B, and the ‘Dark Age’; he talks about the evidence that exists of Linear A and Linear B, such as the tablets recovered from Crete and Knossos. In section two, Burkert describes the different kinds of rituals and symbols; the bull was a type of symbol from the Hellenistic tradition, and there were festivals that celebrated the bull itself. Different kinds of rituals Burkert explains include: animal sacrifice, blood and fire rituals, gift offering and libation, votive offerings, prayer, dancing, hymns, masks, festivals, and purification. The Anthesteria Festival is described in depth, such as that it occurred in the springtime for three days; additionally, the reason for the festival is described. Burkert mentions different types of sanctuaries like the altar and the temple. Also, “Greek Religion” describes certain philosophers’ outlook toward religion. In section three, he focuses his attention
Palace Of Knossos
It is expressed that there were special rooms in the palace set aside as shrines for ritual purposes. Specifically, the common religious symbol was the double axe. Cult figurines were also apparent; these were formed from terracotta clay, where several of these revealed goddess’s dressed in Minoan fashion, holding a snake in either hand. Mycenaean’s held cult festivals annually, in which they worshiped the deity (Minoancivilisation n.d.). The website explains that the King of Knossos influenced the Minoan society and their religious beliefs, as he was related to Zeus. Derived from this are multiple implicit values. For one, it is quite evident that the Minoans religion was elaborate, communicating that they were extremely dedicated to their beliefs and morals. In addition to this, it is also suggested that they were a society that was easily manipulated as exemplified through the influence of the king. Similarly, Cottrell, an ancient archaeology based author, details that archaeologists discovered ancient crypts, which were dark underground chambers. These locations served for the purpose of holding mysterious religious practices, known as earth-worship. This was often inscribed with the sign of the double axe. It is also communicated that the double axe was a powerful symbol that was used as a ritual instrument for the sacrifice of the bull. Gained from
The Snake Goddess
Women acted as priestesses, made official decisions in and amongst the community, and were responsible for organizing commune functions (Witcombe 10). These responsibilities and duties were not often jobs of men in Minoan civilization, “Moreover men are rarely seen in commanding positions, despite attempts to identify them in such positions” (Witcombe 10). It is suggested that the reason why women played such a huge role in Minoan civilization was due to the fact that in Minoan religion they worshiped goddesses and they were greatly influenced by them. It is believed that The Snake Goddess was an important figure in Crete at this time, and was worshiped along side of the Huntress, and The Mountain Mother. Mainly focusing on The Snake Goddess she represented a strong, powerful female deity, who overall acted as an icon for women. The influence The Snake Goddess had on women was substantial. Women became more than just members of the community, and gained a place in society. It was no longer a man’s world but a world run by women. Even ancient frescoes and other forms of Minoan artwork provide evidence of women being more vital than men, because depictions of women were more common than men (Witcombe 10). After examining women’s key roles in Minoan civilization it becomes apparent that The Snake Goddess influenced women in Crete in many different ways and played a significant part in Minoan civilization.
Religion In The Minoans
Religion played a significant role in the daily lives of the Minoans. There are no scriptures or book of prayers to support the existence of Minoan religions except for artifacts and motifs discovered in caves. It appears that Minoan society was a female dominated culture as evidence by the number of women in palace frescoes and figurines goddesses found in Cretan sites (Martin, 1996). The Cretans were polytheistic who worshipped many goddesses. Evidence found in excavated sites suggested that Cretans built sanctuaries in caves, mountain tops, palaces, and villages where they worshipped during which they offered animal and other goods as part of their rituals. Some evidence suggested that the Minoans may have performed human sacrifices. Minoan
Essay Greek Mythology vs. Ancient Near East Mytholgy
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Greek Mythology played a monumental role in the structural development of ancient Greece, not only as a society, but as individuals. Surprisingly, their religion was not exactly one of originality. In fact, their religion was loosely based on earlier cultures’ religions. It bears many strikingly similar resemblances to some of the oldest recorded religions in history. Ancient Greek religion is a type of polytheism called “Monarchial Polytheism.” That is, they believe in several different gods and deities but there is a supreme ruler above all of them. In order to fully understand how similar the mythological systems of religions have been throughout the years, you must look back towards the earliest of recorded civilizations. Polytheism
Greek Religion Essay
The ancient Greeks with their brilliant and imaginative spirit created a complete order of things that functioned harmoniously in the infinite world that contained them. Although its exact origins are lost in time, Greek religion is thought to date from about the 2d millenium B.C., when the culture of Aryan invaders fused with those of the Aegean and Minoan peoples who had inhabited the region of Greece from Neolithic times [1]. The beginning and the genesis of this world occupied the ancient Greeks in much the same way it did the early people of every civilization. Greek religion was at the beginning a blend of Minoan, Egyptian, Asian, and other elements, but it subsequently evolved along with Greek thought.
The Minoans In Ancient Greece
“…many activities, and artistic products revolved around religious cult.”(Minoan Culture). It is theorized that women were thought highly of in the Minoan culture due to depictions of women in powerful poses in their art. They also worshiped a goddess of nature, and had high priestesses perform religious rituals, and celebrations. These rituals took place in caves, mountain peaks, in palaces, and in villas. These religious rituals often called for sacrifices whether it be an animal, personal possessions, and even human lives. These religious celebrations also included music, and
The Antediluvian Greek Mythology
The antediluvian Greek Mythology’s roots can be traced back to the Mycenaean Age. This mythology was basically an amalgamation of the myths and the teachings which were actually the threshold for the pillars of ancient Greeks’ traditions and theology. And their main focus used to be the gods, goddesses, their heroes and along with all this, the perception with which they use to observe the world and its genesis, by focusing on their beliefs and
Minoan Culture
The Greeks utilized many of the cultural aspects of the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations long after the two cultures were gone. The Minoan culture created a syllabic writing system called a Linear A and although no one else could read the writing it did evolve. Moreover, the Mycenaean’s modified the Linear A writing into a form of Greek language which was written on Linear B tablets. The Linear B tablets were the first written records of language that carried over later among the Greeks (Matthews, Noble, & Platt, 2014). In addition, the religious beliefs, mythical, and political ideas which dates back to the Mycenaean period were also aspects that lived on in the Greek culture. “The surviving elements of Mycenaean culture blended with the
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- Ancient Greece
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The Ancient Greek Society: Role of Religion Essay
Ancient Greece started flourishing in the third millennium and thrived towards the midst of the first century B.C. In the cultural sense, the phrase ‘ancient Greece’ refers to the way of life of the ancient Greek people as depicted in their mode of worship, language, governance, entertainment and their understanding of the physical world around them in relation to the other non-Greek people. In ancient Greece, religion was strongly grounded on polytheism. Education featured as a very significant cultural phenomenon and the social structure of the society was based on citizenship or slavery.
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In ancient Greek society, religion was fundamental to all other aspects of life. This religion echoed several concepts and ideas of the prior forms of Paganism which included Druidism, Wicca and Witchcraft (Michelson, 32). As such, Greek religion was polytheistic in nature. The Greeks believed in the existence of many gods. They further believed that these gods existed everywhere in their surroundings, watching each of their activities such as planting, harvesting and waging warfare. They consulted their gods and goddesses for guidance before they tackled any activity no matter how simple it seemed to be. They thought that showing respect to their gods would enable them to gain their support and therefore become fortunate in life.
Consequently, the key aspect of the Greek religion was divinity (Burkett, 17). Greeks believed that they had to please their gods so as to escape hardships and oppression. Therefore, they took part in several ceremonial practices and sacrifices which they thought would appease their gods. They built memorial places and temples where they presented their sacrifices to their gods. They worshipped their gods regularly and offered sacrifices more often as a sign of their unification in their common goal of appeasing their gods. In addition, they developed deep faith on the idea of life after death. This notion about death contrasted the ideology of other Pagan religions which upheld the belief of reincarnation.
In Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion (2nd ed.), it is stated that “the Greeks completely based their religious beliefs on myths” (Bernard, 46). These myths informed them about the origins, relationships and interactions of their deities. Most of these myths exemplified the heroic deeds of these gods and goddesses. Others exemplified life after death as an underworld where souls that belonged to the dead people subsisted. The ancient Greeks believed that a person’s body was supposed to be buried together with the wealth that he had acquired throughout his lifetime so that it could sustain him in the next life. Therefore, they buried their people with goods such as food, jewels and clothes. On some occasions, the wives and the slaves of the dead person were killed and buried alongside him. The bodies of the dead people were mummified and preserved so as to prevent them from being ruined in the next life.
Other myths also portrayed the notion that the numerous Greek gods and goddesses had dissimilar roles in the activities of human beings. For instance, ‘Demeter’ was believed to be the goddess of grain while ‘Ares’ was believed to be the god of war among many others (Michelson, 40). The ancient Greek religion was mainly based on belief and each belief had a god linked to it. Therefore, there existed gods of war, farming, love, sea and many more. People in ancient Greece believed that their gods had mental and physical similarity to human beings and therefore possessed emotions. This is the reason why Greek mythology is full of stories that depict greed, revenge, jealousy and battles involving different gods.
From a different outlook, the affiliation between the antique Greeks and their gods could be said to be somewhat intricate (Burkett, 26). This is because this affiliation was to some extent general, geographical or personal. In geographical affiliation, a certain god gave preference to one city or state over the others. In personal affiliation, individuals interacted straight with their gods. The antique Greeks held the notion that their gods decided their destiny and any effort to outwit the gods only turned out to be futile. Therefore, they sought to appease their gods through offering gifts and sacrifices in order to gain their favor (Bernard, 52).
Even though the Greeks relied so much on their gods to uplift their society, they also depended on other deities. For instance, they had very strong faith in deities which they referred to as the Oracles. The principal role of the Oracles was to offer advice and guidance in matters of politics and religion. In addition, Oracles guided most of their decisions in matters related to health, war, migration and punishment among others (Litchfield, 22).
In conclusion, religion was much more incorporated into the culture of the people of ancient Greece as compared to present-day Greece. People from the same culture upheld a similar religion which was well defined with their gods and deities. The practice of converting people to a different religion never existed. Religion in ancient Greece started evolving when Greeks began intermingling with people from other cultures through warfare. This evolution was influenced heavily by other religions such as Christianity and Islam and the belief systems of the early Romans. This is highly exemplified even in contemporary Greek society.
Works Cited
Bernard, Cook. Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion . 2nd Ed. New York: Bibilo and Tannen, 1964.
Burkett, Walter. Greek Religion . 1st Ed. Boston: Harvard University Press, 1987.
Litchfield, Martin. The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic elements in Greek poetry and myth . 6th Ed. New York: Clarendon Press, 1997.
Michelson, Jon. Athenian Popular Religion . 2nd Ed. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1983.
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Works Cited
Atsma, Aaron. Zeus, Theoi Project, 2017. Web. 18 February 2017. Carr, Karen. Greek religion. Quatr.us Study Guides, September 2016. Web. 18 February 2017. Cartwright, Mark. Greek religion. Ancient History, 11 April 2013. Web. 18 February 2017. Precourt, B. Tales of the Titans and the rise of Zeus, Patherfile, 2005. Web. Web. 18 February 2017.
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- Religion of Ancient Rome
Women, children and even slaves took part in the rituals (Religion in ancient Rome). 3) Compare religion in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. How are they related? Both Greece and Roman societies worshiped gods and goddesses in their numbers and variety. It was believed that every phenomenon had a god in control of its occurrence. The Greek people identified a set of 12 deities that they believed influenced their lives most. This set was referred to as the gods of the Olympian. The Roman admired the Greek culture. They ended up recognizing their own deities in similar fashion that the Greek did (Carnagie). Both Greeks and… Continue Reading...
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Classics and Ancient History
Greek religion - essays, the following are the essays from 2019/2020 to give an idea of the types of question that might be asked in 2023/2024., assessed essay - term 1, deadline: thursday 5th december (week 10).
Please respond to one of the following essays:
Note - books marked with an @ are available online at the Library
‘Everything is full of Gods’ (Thales of Miletus). How true is this as a description of Greek religion?
J Bremmer Greek Religion (Introduction) 1999 &3
Buxton (ed.) Oxford Readings in Greek Religion (Introduction) 2000 &4
Burkert Greek Religion (Introduction) 1985 @
R. Dodds ‘The Religion of the Ordinary Man in Classical Greece’ in E. R. Dodds The Ancient Concept of Progress and other essays 1973.140-55 &3
Eidinow and J. Kindt Oxford Handbook of Ancient Greek Religion 2016 @
Eidinow, J. Kindt and R. Osborne Theologies of ancient Greek religion 2016 @
Gould ‘On making sense of Greek religion’ in P. Easterling and J. Muir (eds.) Greek Religion and Society 1987.1-35 &3
Gordon (ed.) Myth, religion and society 1981 &3
Kearns ‘Order, Interaction and Authority: ways of looking at Greek religion in M. Morford et al (eds.). Classical Mythology 2011 &3
Larson ‘A Land full of Gods: Nature Deities in Greek Religion’ in D. Ogden (ed.) Blackwell Companion to Greek Religion 2007 (56-70) @
Larson Understanding Greek Religion: A Cognitive Approach 2016 @
D. Nock ‘Religious Attitudes of the Ancient Greeks’ in A. D. Nock Essays on Religion and the Ancient World 1972 vol.2 161-88 &2
Ogden (ed.) Blackwell Companion to Greek Religion 2007 @
Powell (ed). The Greek World 1996.511-529 @
Price Religions of the Ancient Greeks (Introduction) 1999 @
Woodard (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Greek Mythology 2007 @
What role did the early poets have in shaping Greek religion?
Bremmer and A. Erskine (eds)The gods of ancient Greece: identities and transformations 2010 @
Dowden and N. Livingstone A Companion to Greek Mythology, 2011 @
Graziosi ‘Theologies of the family in Homer and Hesiod’ in E. Eidinow, J. Kindt and R. Osborne Theologies of ancient Greek religion 2016 (35-61) @
Kearns ‘Order, Interaction and Authority: ways of looking at Greek religion in
Larson Understanding Greek Religion: A Cognitive Approach 2016 (esp. 23-31) @
Morford et al (eds.). Classical Mythology 2011
Powell (ed). The Greek World 1996.511-29 @
To what extent did the concept of the ‘Twelve Olympians’ play an important role in Greek religious life?
Assman ‘Monotheism and Polytheism’ in S. I Johnston (ed). Religions of the Ancient World: a guide 2004 &3
Borgeaud The Cult of Pan in Ancient Greece 1988 &
Bruit-Zaidman and P. Schmitt-Pantel Religion in the Greek City 1992 @
Dowden ‘Olympian Gods, Olympian Pantheon’ in D. Ogden (ed.) Blackwell Companion to Greek Religion 2007 (41-56) @
Garland Introducing New Gods: the politics of Athenian religion 1992 &3
Larson ‘Greece’ in B. Stanley-Spaeth (ed.) Cambridge Companion to Ancient Mediterranean Religions 2014.136-56 @
Larson Understanding Greek Religion: A Cognitive Approach 2016 (esp. Chapter One) @
Mikalson ‘Greece’ in S I Johnston Religions of the Ancient World: a guide 2004 &3
Mikalson Ancient Greek Religion 2010 @
Mikalson Athenian Popular Religion 1983&3
Parker Athenian religion: a history 1996 &5
Parker Polytheism and Society at Athens 2005 @
Which was the best way of understanding the will of the gods in Ancient Greece?
Bonnechere ‘Divination” in D. Ogden (ed.) Blackwell Companion to Greek Religion 2007 (145-160) @
Bowden Classical Athens and the Delphic Oracle 2005 &3
Eidinow Oracles, curses and risk among the ancient Greeks 2007 (OUP) @
Flaceliere Greek Oracles 1961 &2
Flower The Seer in Ancient Greece 2008 @
I. Johnston and P. Struck (eds). Mantike: Studies in Ancient Divination 2005 @
Morgan Athletes and Oracles 1990 (particularly good on origins of Delphic oracle) &3
Morgan “Divination and Society at Delphi and Didyma” Hermathena 1989 (147) 17-42 @
D Ogden Greek and Roman Necromancy 2004 &3
Parke Greek Oracles 1967 &2
Parker ‘Greek States and Greek Oracles’ in R. Buxton Oxford Readings in Greek Religion 2000.76-108 &4
Price ‘Delphi and divination’ in P. Easterling and J. Muir (eds.). Greek Religion and Society 1987.155-190 &3
Scott Delphi: a history of the centre of the ancient world 2014 @
C R Whittaker ‘The Delphic Oracle: belief and behaviour in ancient Greece – and Africa’ in Harvard Theological Review 1965 (58) 21-47 @
ASSESSED ESSAY - TERM 2
Deadline: monday 24th february (week 8).
The gods had to respond to human favours. Discuss.
Bremmer ‘Greek Normative Animal Sacrifice’ in D. Ogden (ed.) Blackwell Companion to Greek Religion 2007 (132-144) @
Burkert Homo Necans: the anthropology of ancient Greek sacrificial ritual and myth 1995 @
Burkert “Offerings in perspective: surrender, distribution, exchange” in T. Linders and G Nordquist (eds.) Gifts to the Gods 1987 p.43-50 &1
Detienne and J.-P. Vernant (eds). The Cuisine of Sacrifice among the Greeks 1989 &3
Dickie Magic and Magicians in the Greco-Roman world 2003 @
C Faraone Ancient Greek Love Magic 1999
A. Faraone and F. S. Naiden Greek and Roman animal sacrifice: ancient victims, modern observers 2012 @
Fontenrose The Delphic oracle: its responses and operations with a catalogue of responses 1981 &2
Gager Curse Tablets and binding spells from the ancient world 1999 @
Hitch and I. Rutherford (eds) Animal sacrifice in the ancient Greek world 2017 @
D. Hughes Human Sacrifice in ancient Greece 1991 @
I. Johnston Ancient Greek Divination 2008 @
Morgan Athletes and Oracles 1990 &3
Morgan “Divination and Society at Delphi and Didyma” Hermathena 1989 @
Maurizio “Anthropology and Spirit Possession: A reconsideration of the Pythia’s role at Delphi” JHS 1995 (115) 69-86 @
Ogden Magic Witchcraft and Ghosts in the Greek and Roman worlds: a sourcebook 2002 &3
Parker ‘Pleasing thighs: reciprocity in Greek Religion’ in C. Gill, N. Postlethwaite and R. Seaford ed. Reciprocity in Ancient Greece 1998.105-25 &1
Price “Delphi and Divination” in Greek Religion and Society Easterling P and Muir J V (eds.) 1985 p.128-154 &3
Pulleyn Prayer in Greek Religion 1997 @
Rosivach The System of Public Sacrifice in 4th century Athens 1994 &2
Scott Delphi and Olympia: the spatial politics of panhellenism in the archaic and classical periods 2010 &3
Scott ‘Displaying lists of what is (not) on display: the uses of inventories in Greek sanctuaries’ in M. Haysom and J. Wallenstein Current approaches to religion in ancient Greece 2011.239-52 &2
Spawforth The Complete Greek Temples 2006 &5
T. Van Straten ‘Gifts to the gods’ in H. Versnel ed. Faith, Hope and Worship 1981.65-151 &1
T. Van Straten ‘Votives and votaries in Greek Sanctuaries’ in A. Schachter ed. Le sanctuaire Grec 1992.247-84 &1
How did the concept of miasma affect Greek ritual practice?
Bendlin ‘Purity and Pollution’ in D. Ogden (ed.) Blackwell Companion to Greek Religion 2007 (178-189) @
Burkert Greek Religion 1985 @
Garland The Greek Way of Life 1990 &3
Garland The Greek Way of Death 1985 &2
Dowden Death and a Maiden 1989 @
Hamilton Choes and Anthesteria. Athenian iconography and ritual. 1992 &3
King ‘Bound to bleed: Artemis and Greek Women’ in A. Cameron and A. Kurht (eds). Images of Women in Antiquity 1993.109-27 @
C. Kurtz and J Boardman Greek Burial Customs 1971 &3
Larson Understanding Greek Religion: A Cognitive Approach 2016 (187-249) @
I Morris ‘Attitudes towards Death in archaic Greece’ Classical Antiquity (8) 1989.296-320 @
I Morris Death-Ritual and Social structure in Classical Antiquity 1992 @
Parker Miasma. Pollution and Purification in early Greek Religion 1983 &2
Sourvinou-Inwood ‘Reading’ Greek death to the end of the Classical Period 1995 &1
Vidal Naquet The Black Hunter: Forms of Thought and Forms of Society in the Greek World 1986 &3
Greek festivals were foremost religious in character rather than political or cultural. Discuss.
Alcock and R. Osborne (eds). Placing the Gods, Sanctuaries and Sacred Space in Ancient Greece 1994.199-216 @
B. Cavanaugh Eleusis and Athens: documents in finance, religion and politics in the 5th century BC 1996 &3
B. Cosmopoulos Greek Mysteries: the Archaeology of Ancient Greek Secret Cults. 2002 @
Eidinow Ancient Greek Religion: 'Embedded . . . and Embodied' in K. Vlassopoulos and C. Taylor (eds.) Communities and Networks in the Ancient Greek World 2015. 54-79 @
Hägg (ed.) The Role of Religion in the Early Greek Polis 1996 &1
Neils (ed.) Goddess and Polis: the Panathenaic festival in ancient Athens. 1992 &1
Scullion, '‘Nothing to do with Dionysus’: tragedy misconceived as ritual." The Classical Quarterly 2002, 52, 102-137 @
Winkler and F. Zeitlin eds. Nothing to Do With Dionysos? 1992 [see especially the Introduction and the essay by Goldhill; this is a highly influential but also a very controversial volume: use with care] &5
To what extent was Greek religion 'public and communal rather than private and individual' (Bremmer 1994, 1)?
Eidinow Ancient Greek Religion: 'Embedded . . . and Embodied' in K. Vlassopoulos and C. Taylor eds. Communities and Networks in the Ancient Greek World 2015. 54-79 @
Kindt Rethinking Greek Religion 2012 [see especially the introduction and chapter 1] @
See the important essays by Sourvinou-Inwood reprinted in R. Buxton (ed.) Oxford Readings in Greek Religion 2000 &4
6. ‘Man is a religious animal’ (Mark Twain). Discuss, using a Cognitive approach, how Greek religion agrees with this statement.
Boyer Religion explained: the evolutionary origins of religious thought 2001 @
Cresswell Culture and the cognitive science of religion 2018 @
van Eyghen, R. Peels, G. van den Brink New developments in the cognitive science of religion : the rationality of religious belief 2018 @
Watts and L. Turner Evolution, religion and cognitive science: critical and constructive essays 2014 @
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Ancient Greek Religion Essay
Religion quotes in frankenstein.
There are very few pieces of literature with more mystery surrounding them than Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. One of the aspects of the book that is still controversial is the topic of religion, and how religion comes into play in the book. Although multiple interpretations can be made into what was intended by Mary, since the title of the work includes “A Modern Prometheus” Greek mythology is inarguably present in her work. Similar to Prometheus Victor exceeds what the gods allow, and as a result of this is punished.
Differences And Similarities Between Beowulf And Zeus
A hero is somebody who faces enormous adversity; usually the characteristics of a hero are courage, composure, persistence, initiative. Usually the hero will face the adversity and may fail at first but eventually will always prevail in the end. A hero also is successful in overcoming obstacles to achieve what people thought could not be done. There are many heroes in the world; a hero can be anyone in your life that you know, your siblings, to a famous person, or even your next-door neighbor.
Double Standards In The Odyssey
The approval of the gods and their succor was all the Greeks wanted at the time;
Mortals And Gods In The Odyssey
Throughout Homer’s Odyssey and Iliad there is seen a play between the gods and mortals as they all take sides throughout the Trojan War and the homecoming of Odysseus. There is a role the gods play in how the Trojan War ends and while they can hinder fate, it is ultimately unavoidable and will happen. It is also seen that both the Greeks and the Trojans worship the many gods of the divinity of Jupiter and look to them for guidance in unexpected or dangerous situation. They pray and sacrifice to them in the hope their prayers are answered, much like done today with monotheistic religion of Christianity. The relationship between gods and mortals is one of fatherly love to his children.
The Gods And Mortals In Homer's The Odyssey
The relationships between the Greek gods and mortals have always been complicated. The gods can be generous and supportive, but also harsh and destructive towards the humans. They claim to be all powerful beings with unlimited power and influence, but in truth, they are far more human than they are perceived. They meddle with human lives, not because they are wise, but because of their own selfish reasons. In Homer’s The Odyssey, gods like Athena and Poseidon interfere with humans to satisfy their own desires, showing that they are just as imperfect and flawed as the mortals that they rule over.
The Importance Of Zeus In Greek Mythology
Greek mythology is a person favorite thing to research about because the things like goddesses,monsters, places.
How Did Zeus Influence The Greek Gods And Goddesses
He was the main god and leader of the gods in Olympus he was also the overseer of everything that happened on Earth and everyone's destiny. Even though Zeus was just the leader of the gods and goddesses the humans saw him as their leader as well because he was in control of most things in Greece. Zeus was the father of some gods but he had other gods as family members. ("Zeus". Myths and Legends of the World) He was seen as a king and was the most powerful immortal yet he can not change other peoples fate. ("The Gods of Olympus". Arts and Humanities Through the Eras 294-307) Zeus would sit in Mount Olympus and look down at all of the humans. Everyone except his enemies had great respect for Zeus. Many people knew not to go against Zeus because anyone who did would suffer great consequences. Zeus believed in punishments and paying for the wrongs one has done. ("Greek Mythology's Enormous Legacy". Greek Mythology 84-100) Although Zeus is mainly remembered as being the leader of all gods some of his actions had a mythical influence on the modern day
Comparison Between Ancient Greek Culture And Modern Western Culture
Ancient Greek culture is majorly influential in Western culture. Major works of literature, art, and political structure from ancient Greece remain relevant to modern Western society. However one can contrast these two societies by observing and valuing the art of ancient Greece. One can differentiate ancient Greek culture and modern Western culture by analyzing the treatment of religious figures, attitude towards emotion, and reaction towards nudity in each society.
Zeus And Odin: Similarities Between Greek And Norse Mythology
Zeus and Odin have many similarities, however their differences set them apart from each other. For every difference between Greek and Norse mythology, there is as many similarities. Zeus and Odin are, or if not the most powerful gods. Each had a different way of gaining their power and becoming leaders. Both share similar traits and power among other gods in their realms.
Greek Civilization Dbq Essay
Ancient Greece has impacted many civilizations through philosophy, government, art and architecture. Their ideas and concepts are still widely used today and have benefited many people's lives. The Ancient Greek civilization made many contributions to the Western World.
Zeus: The Twelve Gods In Greek Mythology
Zeus the leader of the greek god.He has a wife that is also a goddess. and he has half blood kid. So I am going write about that
Warfare In Ancient Greek Religion
In ancient Greece religion was an important facet of everyday life as well as an essential aspect of warfare and battle. Soldiers in ancient Greece frequently sought support from the deities to ensure a safe and conclusive victory through ritual sacrifice. Sometimes warriors even had to sacrifice multiple times to ensure support, even if this meant postponing battle. Religion did not only dictate the time in which one could begin a battle, but times in which battles could not be fought at all, that is during festivals and religious games. Religion also dictated spaces in which battles could not be fought, in holy sites such as temples, and spaces in which battles should be fought, something that could be decided through the interpretation of religious prophecies.
Gods In The Iliad
For human’s deities are omnipotent, authoritative, dominant and immortal. If there is a need for supplication due to conflict or complication, humans turn towards the divine. Within the Iliad there are various gods who scheme a very significant role in the war of Trojan. The gods are very present, always observing, influencing guiding and most importantly, interfering in the actions of the humans. Athena, Apollo, and Zeus are three very influential divines and their interactions with human characters, along with interference towards the warfare is seen throughout the Iliad.
Zeus: The Great Zeus
On the top of Mount Olympus lived the mighty Zeus. Zeus was the God of all gods. He was very powerful and he let nothing stand in his way.
The Role Of The Gods In The Iliad
The Iliad, written by Homer, is an ancient Greek epic about the Trojan War, which the divine certainly influences. Unlike how most gods might act or behave in books nowadays, the gods in the Iliad share some uncommon traits. For example helping their favorite morals, the idea of justice and harmony is surely excluded in the portrayal of Greek gods. The divine in the Iliad are characterized as very emotional and somewhat manipulative. Regardless of what occurs, it 's all the doing of the gods. Humans are like puppets; they have the freedom of choice however their decisions are constantly interfered by the gods. The god’s are given respect due to their extreme power, as mortals know, if offended a god, one would most likely have to face severe consequences. Nonetheless, the gods are not all powerful, as they have emotions that drive them hence weakens them. In Ancient Greek society, having the gods in your favor played a critical role in peoples daily lives, as the gods would extremely influence decision, have significant power over one’s fate, and have direct involvement in the lives of humans.
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Greek religion is not equivalent to Greek mythology which is worried about customary stories; however, the two are intently interlinked. Inquisitively, for people so strictly disapproved, the Greeks had no word for religion itself; the closest terms were Eusebeia (“piety”) and Threskeia (“cult”). Despite the fact that its roots might be followed to the remotest periods, Greek religion in its created structure kept going in excess of a thousand long time, from the hour of Homer (most likely ninth or eighth century BCE) to the rule of the sovereign Julian (fourth century CE). During that period its impact spread as far west as Spain, east to the Indus River, and all through the Mediterranean world. Its impact was most set apart on the Romans, who recognized their divinities with those of the Greeks. Under Christianity, Greek legends, and even divinities made due to holy people, while the adversary Madonna’s of southern European people group reflect the autonomy of neighborhood cliques. The rediscovery of Greek writing during the Renaissance and most importantly, the novel flawlessness of the Classical model delivered an upheaval in taste that had sweeping consequences for Christian strict workmanship. The most-striking normal for Greek religion was the faith in an assortment of human gods under one incomparable god. Clerics essentially took care of factions; they didn’t establish a pastorate, and there were no holy books.
From the later sixth century BCE ahead, fantasies, and divine beings were dependent upon objective analysis on moral, or different grounds. In those conditions it is barely noticeable the way that most Greeks “accepted” in their divine beings in generally the cutting edge feeling of the term, and that they asked in a period of emergency not just to the “significant” god, however, to any divinity on whose help they had built up a case by penance. Keeping that in mind, every Greek polis had a progression of open celebrations all through the year, that was proposed to guarantee the guide of the considerable number of divine beings who were subsequently regarded. They helped the divine beings to remember administrations rendered and requested compensation. Especially during times of emergencies, the Greeks, similar to the Romans, were frequently ready to appeal to divinities obtained from different societies.
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The early Greeks customized each part of their reality, normal and social, and their encounters in it. The earth, the ocean, the mountains, the waterways, custom-law (Themis), and one’s offer in the public arena and its products were altogether observed in individuals just as naturalistic terms. At the point, when Achilles battles with the River in the Iliad, the River addresses Achilles in any case, utilizes against him just such weapons as are fitting to a flood of water. Penance was offered to the Olympian gods at sunrise at the raised area in the Tremens, which typically stood east of the sanctuary. Speaking to as it did a blessing to the divine beings; penance comprised the chief verification of devotion. The divine beings were content with the consumed part of the offering, while the clerics and admirers shared the rest of the meat. Unique creatures were consecrated to various gods; for example yearlings to Athena, dairy animals to Hera, pigs to Demeter, bulls to Zeus and Dionysus, pooches to Hecate, game, and calves to Artemis; ponies to Poseidon; and asses to Priapus, however, the qualifications were most certainly not thoroughly watched.
The investigation of a religion’s history incorporates the investigation of the historical backdrop of the individuals who upheld it, together with their otherworldly, moral, political, and scholarly encounters. Greek religion as it is right now seen presumably come about because of the blending of strict convictions and practices between the approaching Greek-talking people group who landed from the north during the second thousand years BCE and the indigenous occupants whom they called Pelasgi. The incomers’ pantheon was going by the Indo-European sky god differently known as Zeus (Greek), Dyaus (Indian), or Jupiter (Roman). Be that as it may, there was likewise a Cretan sky god, whose birth and demise was praised in ceremonies and fantasies unique in relation to those of the incomers. The incomers applied the name of Zeus to his Cretan partner. Lie wise, there was a propensity, cultivated however not really began by Homer and Hesiod, for significant Greek divinities to be given a home on Mount Olympus. When built up there in a prominent position, the Olympians came to be related to nearby divinities and to be doled out as consorts to the neighborhood god or goddess.
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Ancient Greek Religion Essay
Performance Assessment 1: Religion Femi Odemuyiwa There are many differences between Ancient Greece Religion, and present American religion. One of the reasons why, was because Ancient Greece and American religions do something different with their churches. In most present religions, a church/temple is a place to worship, and gather together in prayer. For the ancient Greeks, it was a place to be “houses”for the Greek gods, and it was rare to go inside the Greek god temples. Each temple had it’s own god beside an altar, and a sacred fire at the altar was always burning, by men and women who served at the temple. Ancient Greeks had sacrifices like a cow, bull, or even a person, with some wine milk cakes and pastries to be offered to the Gods …show more content… Ordinary officials acted like priests. I can’t think of any religion inside present day America that is closely connected to the government. Another reason why ancient Greek religion and present day America were different, because inside Ancient Greek religion, they worshiped many gods. The Ancient Greeks said that the Gods were everywhere, the land the sea, in the sky, on the moon in sacred oak trees, in olives, floods, natural disasters and anything that was good or bad, the Ancient Greek Gods had to do something with it. Inside present day America, there is only 1 religion that is very similar to many gods, and the gods being everywhere: Hinduism. Inside 6th grade, they taught us that inside Hinduism, they had over 300 million Gods. I’m not Hindu and I don’t practice Hinduism, so I don’t know a lot about these Gods. All that I remember that the 6th grade social studies teachers told me about these Gods is that they were everywhere, and anything that the Hindus got into, the Hindu Gods were the blame for it, just like the Ancient Greeks. Finally, Ancient Greek Religion lead to the olympics, and drama. Their Religious activities included many festivals during the year; as part of the festivals, the ancient Greeks put great effort inside the athletics, poetry, music, and theater. I don’t think any religion activities from many American Religions lead to great achievements, but inside many religions Show More
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Pythagoras Pythagoras was a Greek mathematician. He was born on the island of Samos, Ionia, Greece, circa 580 BC, to a father who is known to either have been a merchant or a signet-engraver. He lived most of his life in Croton, Italy, and here, where he quickly gained a strong influence over the inhabitants, he established the religion of Pythagoreanism. It was an extremely secretive cult, and was greatly concerned with mathematics and science along with religious beliefs. His followers were generally…
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Visiting The Met?
Masks are strongly recommended.
Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History Essays
Greek gods and religious practices.
Terracotta aryballos (oil flask)
Signed by Nearchos as potter
Bronze Herakles
Bronze mirror with a support in the form of a nude girl
Terracotta column-krater (bowl for mixing wine and water)
Attributed to Lydos
Terracotta kylix (drinking cup)
Attributed to the Amasis Painter
Terracotta Panathenaic prize amphora
Attributed to the Euphiletos Painter
Terracotta amphora (jar)
Signed by Andokides as potter
Attributed to the Kleophrades Painter
Terracotta statuette of Nike, the personification of victory
Terracotta lekythos (oil flask)
Attributed to the Tithonos Painter
Attributed to the Nikon Painter
Terracotta stamnos (jar)
Attributed to the Menelaos Painter
Attributed to the Sabouroff Painter
Attributed to the Phiale Painter
Marble head of a woman wearing diadem and veil
Terracotta oinochoe: chous (jug)
Attributed to the Meidias Painter
Ganymede jewelry
Set of jewelry
Gold stater
Bronze statue of Eros sleeping
Ten marble fragments of the Great Eleusinian Relief
Limestone statue of a veiled female votary
Marble head of a deity wearing a Dionysiac fillet
Marble statue of an old woman
Marble statuette of young Dionysos
Colette Hemingway Independent Scholar
Seán Hemingway Department of Greek and Roman Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
October 2003
The ancient Greeks worshipped many gods, each with a distinct personality and domain. Greek myths explained the origins of the gods and their individual relations with mankind. The art of Archaic and Classical Greece illustrates many mythological episodes, including an established iconography of attributes that identify each god. There were twelve principal deities in the Greek pantheon. Foremost was Zeus, the sky god and father of the gods, to whom the ox and the oak tree were sacred; his two brothers, Hades and Poseidon, reigned over the Underworld and the sea, respectively. Hera, Zeus’s sister and wife, was queen of the gods; she is frequently depicted wearing a tall crown, or polos. Wise Athena, the patron goddess of Athens ( 1996.178 ), who typically appears in full armor with her aegis (a goatskin with a snaky fringe), helmet, and spear ( 07.286.79 ), was also the patroness of weaving and carpentry. The owl and the olive tree were sacred to her. Youthful Apollo ( 53.224 ), who is often represented with the kithara , was the god of music and prophecy. Judging from his many cult sites, he was one of the most important gods in Greek religion. His main sanctuary at Delphi, where Greeks came to ask questions of the oracle, was considered to be the center of the universe ( 63.11.6 ). Apollo’s twin sister Artemis, patroness of hunting, often carried a bow and quiver. Hermes ( 25.78.2 ), with his winged sandals and elaborate herald’s staff, the kerykeion, was the messenger god. Other important deities were Aphrodite, the goddess of love; Dionysos, the god of wine and theater ; Ares, the god of war ; and the lame Hephaistos, the god of metalworking. The ancient Greeks believed that Mount Olympus, the highest mountain in mainland Greece, was the home of the gods.
Ancient Greek religious practice, essentially conservative in nature, was based on time-honored observances, many rooted in the Bronze Age (3000–1050 B.C.), or even earlier. Although the Iliad and the Odyssey of Homer, believed to have been composed around the eighth century B.C., were powerful influences on Greek thought, the ancient Greeks had no single guiding work of scripture like the Jewish Torah, the Christian Bible, or the Muslim Qu’ran. Nor did they have a strict priestly caste. The relationship between human beings and deities was based on the concept of exchange: gods and goddesses were expected to give gifts. Votive offerings, which have been excavated from sanctuaries by the thousands, were a physical expression of thanks on the part of individual worshippers.
The Greeks worshipped in sanctuaries located, according to the nature of the particular deity, either within the city or in the countryside. A sanctuary was a well-defined sacred space set apart usually by an enclosure wall. This sacred precinct, also known as a temenos, contained the temple with a monumental cult image of the deity, an outdoor altar, statues and votive offerings to the gods, and often features of landscape such as sacred trees or springs. Many temples benefited from their natural surroundings, which helped to express the character of the divinities. For instance, the temple at Sounion dedicated to Poseidon, god of the sea, commands a spectacular view of the water on three sides, and the Parthenon on the rocky Athenian Akropolis celebrates the indomitable might of the goddess Athena.
The central ritual act in ancient Greece was animal sacrifice, especially of oxen, goats, and sheep. Sacrifices took place within the sanctuary, usually at an altar in front of the temple, with the assembled participants consuming the entrails and meat of the victim. Liquid offerings, or libations ( 1979.11.15 ), were also commonly made. Religious festivals, literally feast days, filled the year. The four most famous festivals, each with its own procession, athletic competitions ( 14.130.12 ), and sacrifices, were held every four years at Olympia, Delphi, Nemea, and Isthmia. These Panhellenic festivals were attended by people from all over the Greek-speaking world. Many other festivals were celebrated locally, and in the case of mystery cults , such as the one at Eleusis near Athens, only initiates could participate.
Hemingway, Colette, and Seán Hemingway. “Greek Gods and Religious Practices.” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/grlg/hd_grlg.htm (October 2003)
Further Reading
Burkert, Walter. Greek Religion . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985.
Hornblower, Simon, and Antony Spawforth, eds. The Oxford Classical Dictionary . 3d ed., rev. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Pedley, John Griffiths. Greek Art and Archaeology . 2d ed. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1998.
Pomeroy, Sarah B., et al. Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History . New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Robertson, Martin. A History of Greek Art . 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975.
Additional Essays by Seán Hemingway
- Hemingway, Seán. “ Art of the Hellenistic Age and the Hellenistic Tradition .” (April 2007)
- Hemingway, Seán. “ Greek Hydriai (Water Jars) and Their Artistic Decoration .” (July 2007)
- Hemingway, Seán. “ Hellenistic Jewelry .” (April 2007)
- Hemingway, Seán. “ Intellectual Pursuits of the Hellenistic Age .” (April 2007)
- Hemingway, Seán. “ Mycenaean Civilization .” (October 2003)
- Hemingway, Seán. “ Africans in Ancient Greek Art .” (January 2008)
- Hemingway, Seán. “ Ancient Greek Colonization and Trade and their Influence on Greek Art .” (July 2007)
- Hemingway, Seán. “ The Art of Classical Greece (ca. 480–323 B.C.) .” (January 2008)
- Hemingway, Seán. “ Athletics in Ancient Greece .” (October 2002)
- Hemingway, Seán. “ The Rise of Macedon and the Conquests of Alexander the Great .” (October 2004)
- Hemingway, Seán. “ The Technique of Bronze Statuary in Ancient Greece .” (October 2003)
- Hemingway, Seán. “ Cyprus—Island of Copper .” (October 2004)
- Hemingway, Seán. “ Music in Ancient Greece .” (October 2001)
- Hemingway, Seán. “ Etruscan Art .” (October 2004)
- Hemingway, Seán. “ Prehistoric Cypriot Art and Culture .” (October 2004)
- Hemingway, Seán. “ Minoan Crete .” (October 2002)
Additional Essays by Colette Hemingway
- Hemingway, Colette. “ Art of the Hellenistic Age and the Hellenistic Tradition .” (April 2007)
- Hemingway, Colette. “ Greek Hydriai (Water Jars) and Their Artistic Decoration .” (July 2007)
- Hemingway, Colette. “ Hellenistic Jewelry .” (April 2007)
- Hemingway, Colette. “ Intellectual Pursuits of the Hellenistic Age .” (April 2007)
- Hemingway, Colette. “ Mycenaean Civilization .” (October 2003)
- Hemingway, Colette. “ Retrospective Styles in Greek and Roman Sculpture .” (July 2007)
- Hemingway, Colette. “ Africans in Ancient Greek Art .” (January 2008)
- Hemingway, Colette. “ Ancient Greek Colonization and Trade and their Influence on Greek Art .” (July 2007)
- Hemingway, Colette. “ Architecture in Ancient Greece .” (October 2003)
- Hemingway, Colette. “ The Art of Classical Greece (ca. 480–323 B.C.) .” (January 2008)
- Hemingway, Colette. “ The Labors of Herakles .” (January 2008)
- Hemingway, Colette. “ Athletics in Ancient Greece .” (October 2002)
- Hemingway, Colette. “ The Rise of Macedon and the Conquests of Alexander the Great .” (October 2004)
- Hemingway, Colette. “ The Technique of Bronze Statuary in Ancient Greece .” (October 2003)
- Hemingway, Colette. “ Women in Classical Greece .” (October 2004)
- Hemingway, Colette. “ Cyprus—Island of Copper .” (October 2004)
- Hemingway, Colette. “ Music in Ancient Greece .” (October 2001)
- Hemingway, Colette. “ Ernest Hemingway (1899–1961) and Art .” (October 2004)
- Hemingway, Colette. “ Etruscan Art .” (October 2004)
- Hemingway, Colette. “ Prehistoric Cypriot Art and Culture .” (October 2004)
- Hemingway, Colette. “ Sardis .” (October 2004)
- Hemingway, Colette. “ Medicine in Classical Antiquity .” (October 2004)
- Hemingway, Colette. “ Southern Italian Vase Painting .” (October 2004)
- Hemingway, Colette. “ Theater in Ancient Greece .” (October 2004)
- Hemingway, Colette. “ The Kithara in Ancient Greece .” (October 2002)
- Hemingway, Colette. “ Minoan Crete .” (October 2002)
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List of Rulers
- List of Rulers of the Ancient Greek World
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- Ancient Greece, 1000 B.C.–1 A.D.
- Ancient Greece, 1–500 A.D.
- Southern Europe, 2000–1000 B.C.
- Southern Europe, 8000–2000 B.C.
- 10th Century B.C.
- 1st Century B.C.
- 2nd Century B.C.
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- 3rd Millennium B.C.
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- 5th Century B.C.
- 6th Century B.C.
- 7th Century B.C.
- 8th Century B.C.
- 9th Century B.C.
- Ancient Greek Art
- Aphrodite / Venus
- Archaic Period
- Ares / Mars
- Artemis / Diana
- Athena / Minerva
- Balkan Peninsula
- Classical Period
- Deity / Religious Figure
- Dionysus / Bacchus
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- Geometric Period
- Greek and Roman Mythology
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Artist or Maker
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Online Features
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