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How to Write a Research Paper | A Beginner's Guide
A research paper is a piece of academic writing that provides analysis, interpretation, and argument based on in-depth independent research.
Research papers are similar to academic essays , but they are usually longer and more detailed assignments, designed to assess not only your writing skills but also your skills in scholarly research. Writing a research paper requires you to demonstrate a strong knowledge of your topic, engage with a variety of sources, and make an original contribution to the debate.
This step-by-step guide takes you through the entire writing process, from understanding your assignment to proofreading your final draft.
Table of contents
Understand the assignment, choose a research paper topic, conduct preliminary research, develop a thesis statement, create a research paper outline, write a first draft of the research paper, write the introduction, write a compelling body of text, write the conclusion, the second draft, the revision process, research paper checklist, free lecture slides.
Completing a research paper successfully means accomplishing the specific tasks set out for you. Before you start, make sure you thoroughly understanding the assignment task sheet:
- Read it carefully, looking for anything confusing you might need to clarify with your professor.
- Identify the assignment goal, deadline, length specifications, formatting, and submission method.
- Make a bulleted list of the key points, then go back and cross completed items off as you’re writing.
Carefully consider your timeframe and word limit: be realistic, and plan enough time to research, write, and edit.
There are many ways to generate an idea for a research paper, from brainstorming with pen and paper to talking it through with a fellow student or professor.
You can try free writing, which involves taking a broad topic and writing continuously for two or three minutes to identify absolutely anything relevant that could be interesting.
You can also gain inspiration from other research. The discussion or recommendations sections of research papers often include ideas for other specific topics that require further examination.
Once you have a broad subject area, narrow it down to choose a topic that interests you, m eets the criteria of your assignment, and i s possible to research. Aim for ideas that are both original and specific:
- A paper following the chronology of World War II would not be original or specific enough.
- A paper on the experience of Danish citizens living close to the German border during World War II would be specific and could be original enough.
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Note any discussions that seem important to the topic, and try to find an issue that you can focus your paper around. Use a variety of sources , including journals, books, and reliable websites, to ensure you do not miss anything glaring.
Do not only verify the ideas you have in mind, but look for sources that contradict your point of view.
- Is there anything people seem to overlook in the sources you research?
- Are there any heated debates you can address?
- Do you have a unique take on your topic?
- Have there been some recent developments that build on the extant research?
In this stage, you might find it helpful to formulate some research questions to help guide you. To write research questions, try to finish the following sentence: “I want to know how/what/why…”
A thesis statement is a statement of your central argument — it establishes the purpose and position of your paper. If you started with a research question, the thesis statement should answer it. It should also show what evidence and reasoning you’ll use to support that answer.
The thesis statement should be concise, contentious, and coherent. That means it should briefly summarize your argument in a sentence or two, make a claim that requires further evidence or analysis, and make a coherent point that relates to every part of the paper.
You will probably revise and refine the thesis statement as you do more research, but it can serve as a guide throughout the writing process. Every paragraph should aim to support and develop this central claim.
A research paper outline is essentially a list of the key topics, arguments, and evidence you want to include, divided into sections with headings so that you know roughly what the paper will look like before you start writing.
A structure outline can help make the writing process much more efficient, so it’s worth dedicating some time to create one.
Your first draft won’t be perfect — you can polish later on. Your priorities at this stage are as follows:
- Maintaining forward momentum — write now, perfect later.
- Paying attention to clear organization and logical ordering of paragraphs and sentences, which will help when you come to the second draft.
- Expressing your ideas as clearly as possible, so you know what you were trying to say when you come back to the text.
You do not need to start by writing the introduction. Begin where it feels most natural for you — some prefer to finish the most difficult sections first, while others choose to start with the easiest part. If you created an outline, use it as a map while you work.
Do not delete large sections of text. If you begin to dislike something you have written or find it doesn’t quite fit, move it to a different document, but don’t lose it completely — you never know if it might come in useful later.
Paragraph structure
Paragraphs are the basic building blocks of research papers. Each one should focus on a single claim or idea that helps to establish the overall argument or purpose of the paper.
Example paragraph
George Orwell’s 1946 essay “Politics and the English Language” has had an enduring impact on thought about the relationship between politics and language. This impact is particularly obvious in light of the various critical review articles that have recently referenced the essay. For example, consider Mark Falcoff’s 2009 article in The National Review Online, “The Perversion of Language; or, Orwell Revisited,” in which he analyzes several common words (“activist,” “civil-rights leader,” “diversity,” and more). Falcoff’s close analysis of the ambiguity built into political language intentionally mirrors Orwell’s own point-by-point analysis of the political language of his day. Even 63 years after its publication, Orwell’s essay is emulated by contemporary thinkers.
Citing sources
It’s also important to keep track of citations at this stage to avoid accidental plagiarism . Each time you use a source, make sure to take note of where the information came from.
You can use our free citation generators to automatically create citations and save your reference list as you go.
APA Citation Generator MLA Citation Generator
The research paper introduction should address three questions: What, why, and how? After finishing the introduction, the reader should know what the paper is about, why it is worth reading, and how you’ll build your arguments.
What? Be specific about the topic of the paper, introduce the background, and define key terms or concepts.
Why? This is the most important, but also the most difficult, part of the introduction. Try to provide brief answers to the following questions: What new material or insight are you offering? What important issues does your essay help define or answer?
How? To let the reader know what to expect from the rest of the paper, the introduction should include a “map” of what will be discussed, briefly presenting the key elements of the paper in chronological order.
The major struggle faced by most writers is how to organize the information presented in the paper, which is one reason an outline is so useful. However, remember that the outline is only a guide and, when writing, you can be flexible with the order in which the information and arguments are presented.
One way to stay on track is to use your thesis statement and topic sentences . Check:
- topic sentences against the thesis statement;
- topic sentences against each other, for similarities and logical ordering;
- and each sentence against the topic sentence of that paragraph.
Be aware of paragraphs that seem to cover the same things. If two paragraphs discuss something similar, they must approach that topic in different ways. Aim to create smooth transitions between sentences, paragraphs, and sections.
The research paper conclusion is designed to help your reader out of the paper’s argument, giving them a sense of finality.
Trace the course of the paper, emphasizing how it all comes together to prove your thesis statement. Give the paper a sense of finality by making sure the reader understands how you’ve settled the issues raised in the introduction.
You might also discuss the more general consequences of the argument, outline what the paper offers to future students of the topic, and suggest any questions the paper’s argument raises but cannot or does not try to answer.
You should not :
- Offer new arguments or essential information
- Take up any more space than necessary
- Begin with stock phrases that signal you are ending the paper (e.g. “In conclusion”)
There are four main considerations when it comes to the second draft.
- Check how your vision of the paper lines up with the first draft and, more importantly, that your paper still answers the assignment.
- Identify any assumptions that might require (more substantial) justification, keeping your reader’s perspective foremost in mind. Remove these points if you cannot substantiate them further.
- Be open to rearranging your ideas. Check whether any sections feel out of place and whether your ideas could be better organized.
- If you find that old ideas do not fit as well as you anticipated, you should cut them out or condense them. You might also find that new and well-suited ideas occurred to you during the writing of the first draft — now is the time to make them part of the paper.
The goal during the revision and proofreading process is to ensure you have completed all the necessary tasks and that the paper is as well-articulated as possible.
Global concerns
- Confirm that your paper completes every task specified in your assignment sheet.
- Check for logical organization and flow of paragraphs.
- Check paragraphs against the introduction and thesis statement.
Fine-grained details
Check the content of each paragraph, making sure that:
- each sentence helps support the topic sentence.
- no unnecessary or irrelevant information is present.
- all technical terms your audience might not know are identified.
Next, think about sentence structure , grammatical errors, and formatting . Check that you have correctly used transition words and phrases to show the connections between your ideas. Look for typos, cut unnecessary words, and check for consistency in aspects such as heading formatting and spellings .
Finally, you need to make sure your paper is correctly formatted according to the rules of the citation style you are using. For example, you might need to include an MLA heading or create an APA title page .
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Checklist: Research paper
I have followed all instructions in the assignment sheet.
My introduction presents my topic in an engaging way and provides necessary background information.
My introduction presents a clear, focused research problem and/or thesis statement .
My paper is logically organized using paragraphs and (if relevant) section headings .
Each paragraph is clearly focused on one central idea, expressed in a clear topic sentence .
Each paragraph is relevant to my research problem or thesis statement.
I have used appropriate transitions to clarify the connections between sections, paragraphs, and sentences.
My conclusion provides a concise answer to the research question or emphasizes how the thesis has been supported.
My conclusion shows how my research has contributed to knowledge or understanding of my topic.
My conclusion does not present any new points or information essential to my argument.
I have provided an in-text citation every time I refer to ideas or information from a source.
I have included a reference list at the end of my paper, consistently formatted according to a specific citation style .
I have thoroughly revised my paper and addressed any feedback from my professor or supervisor.
I have followed all formatting guidelines (page numbers, headers, spacing, etc.).
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The Ultimate Guide to Writing a Research Paper
Few things strike more fear in academics than the accursed research paper , a term synonymous with long hours and hard work. Luckily there’s a secret to help you get through them. As long as you know how to write a research paper properly, you’ll find they’re not so bad . . . or at least less painful.
In this guide we concisely explain how to write an academic research paper step by step. We’ll cover areas like how to start a research paper, how to write a research paper outline, how to use citations and evidence, and how to write a conclusion for a research paper.
But before we get into the details, let’s take a look at what a research paper is and how it’s different from other writing .
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What is a research paper?
A research paper is a type of academic writing that provides an in-depth analysis, evaluation, or interpretation of a single topic, based on empirical evidence. Research papers are similar to analytical essays, except that research papers emphasize the use of statistical data and preexisting research, along with a strict code for citations.
Research papers are a bedrock of modern science and the most effective way to share information across a wide network. However, most people are familiar with research papers from school; college courses often use them to test a student’s knowledge of a particular area or their research skills in general.
Considering their gravity, research papers favor formal, even bland language that strips the writing of any bias. Researchers state their findings plainly and with corresponding evidence so that other researchers can consequently use the paper in their own research.
Keep in mind that writing a research paper is different from writing a research proposal . Essentially, research proposals are to acquire the funding needed to get the data to write a research paper.
How long should a research paper be?
The length of a research paper depends on the topic or assignment. Typically, research papers run around 4,000–6,000 words, but it’s common to see short papers around 2,000 words or long papers over 10,000 words.
If you’re writing a paper for school, the recommended length should be provided in the assignment. Otherwise, let your topic dictate the length: Complicated topics or extensive research will require more explanation.
How to write a research paper in 9 steps
Below is a step-by-step guide to writing a research paper, catered specifically for students rather than professional researchers. While some steps may not apply to your particular assignment, think of this as more of a general guideline to keep you on track.
1 Understand the assignment
For some of you this goes without saying, but you might be surprised at how many students start a research paper without even reading the assignment guidelines.
So your first step should be to review the assignment and carefully read the writing prompt. Specifically, look for technical requirements such as length , formatting requirements (single- vs. double-spacing, indentations, etc.) and citation style . Also pay attention to the particulars, such as whether or not you need to write an abstract or include a cover page.
Once you understand the assignment, the next steps in how to write a research paper follow the usual writing process , more or less. There are some extra steps involved because research papers have extra rules, but the gist of the writing process is the same.
2 Choose your topic
In open-ended assignments, the student must choose their own topic. While it may seem simple enough, choosing a topic is actually the most important decision you’ll make in writing a research paper, since it determines everything that follows.
Your top priority in how to choose a research paper topic is whether it will provide enough content and substance for an entire research paper. You’ll want to choose a topic with enough data and complexity to enable a rich discussion. However, you also want to avoid general topics and instead stick with topics specific enough that you can cover all the relevant information without cutting too much.
Try not to be robotic about choosing your topic, though; it’s still best to pick something that you’re personally interested in. Ideally, you’ll find a topic that satisfies both requirements, something that provides a suitable amount of content and also keeps you engaged.
3 Gather preliminary research
The sooner you start researching, the better—after all, it’s called a research paper for a reason.
To refine your topic and prepare your thesis statement, find out what research is available for your topic as soon as possible. Early research can help dispel any misconceptions you have about the topic and reveal the best paths and approaches to find more material.
Typically, you can find sources either online or in a library. If you’re searching online, make sure you use credible sources like science journals or academic papers. Some search engines—mentioned below in the Tools and resources section—allow you to browse only accredited sources and academic databases.
Keep in mind the difference between primary and secondary sources as you search. Primary sources are firsthand accounts, like published articles or autobiographies; secondary sources are more removed, like critical reviews or secondhand biographies.
When gathering your research, it’s better to skim sources instead of reading each potential source fully. If a source seems useful, set it aside to give it a full read later. Otherwise, you’ll be stuck poring over sources that you ultimately won’t use, and that time could be better spent finding a worthwhile source.
Sometimes you’re required to submit a literature review , which explains your sources and presents them to an authority for confirmation. Even if no literature review is required, it’s still helpful to compile an early list of potential sources—you’ll be glad you did later.
4 Write a thesis statement
Using what you found in your preliminary research, write a thesis statement that succinctly summarizes what your research paper will be about. This is usually the first sentence in your paper, making it your reader’s introduction to the topic.
A thesis statement is the best answer for how to start a research paper. Aside from preparing your reader, the thesis statement also makes it easier for other researchers to assess whether or not your paper is useful to them for their own research. Likewise, you should read the thesis statements of other research papers to decide how useful they are to you.
A good thesis statement mentions all the important parts of the discussion without disclosing too many of the details. If you’re having trouble putting it into words, try to phrase your topic as a question and then answer it .
For example, if your research paper topic is about separating students with ADHD from other students, you’d first ask yourself, “Does separating students with ADHD improve their learning?” The answer—based on your preliminary research—is a good basis for your thesis statement.
5 Determine supporting evidence
At this stage of how to write an academic research paper, it’s time to knuckle down and do the actual research. Here’s when you go through all the sources you collected earlier and find the specific information you’d like to use in your paper.
Normally, you find your supporting evidence by reading each source and taking notes. Isolate only the information that’s directly relevant to your topic; don’t bog down your paper with tangents or unnecessary context, however interesting they may be. And always write down page numbers , not only for you to find the information later, but also because you’ll need them for your citations.
Aside from highlighting text and writing notes, another common tactic is to use bibliography cards . These are simple index cards with a fact or direct quotation on one side and the bibliographical information (source citation, page numbers, subtopic category) on the other. While bibliography cards are not necessary, some students find them useful for staying organized, especially when it’s time to write an outline.
6 Write a research paper outline
A lot of students want to know how to write a research paper outline. More than informal essays, research papers require a methodical and systematic structure to make sure all issues are addressed, and that makes outlines especially important.
First make a list of all the important categories and subtopics you need to cover—an outline for your outline! Consider all the information you gathered when compiling your supporting evidence and ask yourself what the best way to separate and categorize everything is.
Once you have a list of what you want to talk about, consider the best order to present the information. Which subtopics are related and should go next to each other? Are there any subtopics that don’t make sense if they’re presented out of sequence? If your information is fairly straightforward, feel free to take a chronological approach and present the information in the order it happened.
Because research papers can get complicated, consider breaking your outline into paragraphs. For starters, this helps you stay organized if you have a lot of information to cover. Moreover, it gives you greater control over the flow and direction of the research paper. It’s always better to fix structural problems in the outline phase than later after everything’s already been written.
Don’t forget to include your supporting evidence in the outline as well. Chances are you’ll have a lot you want to include, so putting it in your outline helps prevent some things from falling through the cracks.
7 Write the first draft
Once your outline is finished, it’s time to start actually writing your research paper. This is by far the longest and most involved step, but if you’ve properly prepared your sources and written a thorough outline, everything should run smoothly.
If you don’t know how to write an introduction for a research paper, the beginning can be difficult. That’s why writing your thesis statement beforehand is crucial. Open with your thesis statement and then fill out the rest of your introduction with the secondary information—save the details for the body of your research paper, which comes next.
The body contains the bulk of your research paper. Unlike essays , research papers usually divide the body into sections with separate headers to facilitate browsing and scanning. Use the divisions in your outline as a guide.
Follow along your outline and go paragraph by paragraph. Because this is just the first draft, don’t worry about getting each word perfect . Later you’ll be able to revise and fine-tune your writing, but for now focus simply on saying everything that needs to be said. In other words, it’s OK to make mistakes since you’ll go back later to correct them.
One of the most common problems with writing long works like research papers is connecting paragraphs to each other. The longer your writing is, the harder it is to tie everything together smoothly. Use transition sentences to improve the flow of your paper, especially for the first and last sentences in a paragraph.
Even after the body is written, you still need to know how to write a conclusion for a research paper. Just like an essay conclusion , your research paper conclusion should restate your thesis , reiterate your main evidence , and summarize your findings in a way that’s easy to understand.
Don’t add any new information in your conclusion, but feel free to say your own personal perspective or interpretation if it helps the reader understand the big picture.
8 Cite your sources correctly
Citations are part of what sets research papers apart from more casual nonfiction like personal essays . Citing your sources both validates your data and also links your research paper to the greater scientific community. Because of their importance, citations must follow precise formatting rules . . . problem is, there’s more than one set of rules!
You need to check with the assignment to see which formatting style is required. Typically, academic research papers follow one of two formatting styles for citing sources:
- MLA (Modern Language Association)
- APA (American Psychological Association)
The links above explain the specific formatting guidelines for each style, along with an automatic citation generator to help you get started.
In addition to MLA and APA styles, you occasionally see requirements for CMOS (The Chicago Manual of Style), AMA (American Medical Association) and IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers).
Citations may seem confusing at first with all their rules and specific information. However, once you get the hang of them, you’ll be able to properly cite your sources without even thinking about it. Keep in mind that each formatting style has specific guidelines for citing just about any kind of source, including photos , websites , speeches , and YouTube videos .
9 Edit and proofread
Last but not least, you want to go through your research paper to correct all the mistakes by proofreading . We recommend going over it twice: once for structural issues such as adding/deleting parts or rearranging paragraphs and once for word choice, grammatical, and spelling mistakes. Doing two different editing sessions helps you focus on one area at a time instead of doing them both at once.
To help you catch everything, here’s a quick checklist to keep in mind while you edit:
Structural edit:
- Is your thesis statement clear and concise?
- Is your paper well-organized, and does it flow from beginning to end with logical transitions?
- Do your ideas follow a logical sequence in each paragraph?
- Have you used concrete details and facts and avoided generalizations?
- Do your arguments support and prove your thesis?
- Have you avoided repetition?
- Are your sources properly cited?
- Have you checked for accidental plagiarism?
Word choice, grammar, and spelling edit:
- Is your language clear and specific?
- Do your sentences flow smoothly and clearly?
- Have you avoided filler words and phrases ?
- Have you checked for proper grammar, spelling, and punctuation?
Some people find it useful to read their paper out loud to catch problems they might miss when reading in their head. Another solution is to have someone else read your paper and point out areas for improvement and/or technical mistakes.
Revising is a separate skill from writing, and being good at one doesn’t necessarily make you good at the other. If you want to improve your revision skills, read our guide on self-editing , which includes a more complete checklist and advanced tips on improving your revisions.
Technical issues like grammatical mistakes and misspelled words can be handled effortlessly if you use a spellchecker with your word processor, or even better, a digital writing assistant that also suggests improvements for word choice and tone, like Grammarly (we explain more in the Tools and resources section below).
Tools and resources
If you want to know more about how to write a research paper, or if you want some help with each step, take a look at the tools and resources below.
Google Scholar
This is Google’s own search engine, which is dedicated exclusively to academic papers. It’s a great way to find new research and sources. Plus, it’s free to use.
Zotero is a freemium, open-source research manager, a cross between an organizational CMS and a search engine for academic research. With it, you can browse the internet for research sources relevant to your topic and share them easily with colleagues. Also, it automatically generates citations.
FocusWriter
Writing long research papers is always a strain on your attention span. If you have trouble avoiding distractions during those long stretches, FocusWriter might be able to help. FocusWriter is a minimalist word processor that removes all the distracting icons and sticks only to what you type. You’re also free to choose your own customized backgrounds, with other special features like timed alarms, daily goals, and optional typewriter sound effects.
Google Charts
This useful and free tool from Google lets you create simple charts and graphs based on whatever data you input. Charts and graphs are excellent visual aids for expressing numeric data, a perfect complement if you need to explain complicated evidential research.
Grammarly goes way beyond grammar, helping you hone word choice, checking your text for plagiarism, detecting your tone, and more. For foreign-language learners, it can make your English sound more fluent, and even those who speak English as their primary language benefit from Grammarly’s suggestions.
Research paper FAQs
A research paper is a piece of academic writing that analyzes, evaluates, or interprets a single topic with empirical evidence and statistical data.
When will I need to write a research paper in college?
Many college courses use research papers to test a student’s knowledge of a particular topic or their research skills in general. While research papers depend on the course or professor, you can expect to write at least a few before graduation.
How do I determine a topic for my research paper?
If the topic is not assigned, try to find a topic that’s general enough to provide ample evidence but specific enough that you’re able to cover all the basics. If possible, choose a topic you’re personally interested in—it makes the work easier.
Where can I conduct research for my paper?
Today most research is conducted either online or in libraries. Some topics might benefit from old periodicals like newspapers or magazines, as well as visual media like documentaries. Museums, parks, and historical monuments can also be useful.
How do I cite sources for a research paper?
The correct formatting for citations depends on which style you’re using, so check the assignment guidelines. Most school research reports use either MLA or APA styles, although there are others.
This article was originally written by Karen Hertzberg in 2017. It’s been updated to include new information.
Tips for Online Students , Tips for Students
How to Write a Research Paper Fast
As a student, you knew it was inevitable. The day has come where you have to write a research paper, but you’ve put it off until the last minute. Now the pressure is sinking in to get it done quickly and you want to know how to write a research paper fast.
The good news is that it’s doable. The better news is that there are ways to avoid waiting until the last minute. We will tackle those after we give you everything you need to know to get it done.
Photo by Russ Ward
The process.
A research paper is what it sounds like — a paper that requires a thesis (or argument) along with the research to back it up. Research papers involve citing a variety of sources, analyzing arguments, and pulling different academic pieces together to prove a point.
1. Understand the Assignment:
The first thing you have to make sure you do before you get to outlining and writing is to understand the assignment. You will need to organize different pieces of information, from books, essays, interviews, articles and more.
2. Choose a Topic:
Depending on the assignment provided, you will either have a topic in front of you or you will have to decide on one yourself. If your professor did not provide you with a topic, here are some helpful ways to choose one that will work for your needs:
- Choose something you understand enough so that you will be able to interpret the research about it
- Before you get started, check that there is a lot of content about that topic by performing a simple online search to see what turns up
- Write out your topic as a research question that you plan to answer
- Research more about your topic and find evidence to back up what you want to answer
- Make a list of keywords that you continue to see pop up about the topic
- Create your thesis
3. Perform Research:
While performing research is as easy as conducting an online search for sources, the more important element is evaluating the validity of a source. Don’t use Wikipedia as a source, because it is crowdsourced and can be edited by anyone. Instead, rely on digital encyclopedias, scholarly databases, trustworthy publications like TIME magazine and the New York Times, and the like. Since you’re writing this research paper at the last minute, the library may not be a possible option. However, for the next time you write a research paper and plan in advance, definitely utilize books from the library.
4. Write Your Thesis:
A thesis statement is the gist of your entire paper. It is what you will spend your writing proving; therefore, it has to be strong and to the point. A thesis statement appears in the introduction of your research paper, following the strong hook statement that draws your readers in. There is a formulaic way to write a strong thesis statement, and it looks something like this:
“By examining (argument 1), (argument 2), and (argument 3), it is clear that (statement you will prove).”
A thesis statement is typically one sentence and it is clearly written so that the reader knows exactly what they will read about in your paper.
To check that you’ve written a strong thesis statement, ask yourself if it achieves the following:
- Is it in the introduction?
- Does it answer the question from the prompt?
- Can others argue against my thesis?
- Is it going to prove a single claim?
- Does it answer something meaningful?
5. Outline Your Paper:
Now that you have the main ingredients for your research paper, namely your thesis and supporting research, you can start outlining. Everyone has their own way they like to create an outline for papers. Here’s one good example of how it can be done — this is called a flat outline:
- List the topics you will discuss
- Under each topic, write your sources
- If you are lacking sources, revisit and research more to give more meat to your paper
- Move your topics and their information onto your paper in an organized flow
- Write your thesis at the top so you can ensure that you are answering/proving your thesis throughout the paper’s argument
6. The Body/Intro and Conclusion:
So, do you start with your introduction and conclusion and then fill in the body? Or, do you do it the other way around? Really, there is no right or wrong way. It ultimately depends on your preference. Some people like to write their introduction and use it to serve as an outline of their paper and then flow from there. Others like to write their points in the body of their paper and then extrapolate the introduction and conclusion from what they wrote.
Regardless of how you perform your work, there is a structure that the paper must follow, which looks like this:
- Introduction – includes a hook sentence (grabs the reader), your thesis and a menu sentence (a list of what you will discuss).
- Body paragraphs – each body paragraph comes from what you mentioned in your introduction’s menu sentence. Each body paragraph has a topic sentence, or a first sentence that clearly states what it will be about. Each body paragraph includes support and sources that prove the topic sentence or argument.
- Conclusion – here, you restate your introduction and thesis in different words. You want to end with a strong and memorable sentence. Just like your introduction began with a hook statement, your conclusion should end with something that will be remembered.
7. Cite Sources:
One of the major differences between a research paper and any other academic paper is that you must cite your sources. The end of your paper will have a list of sources, or a bibliography. Depending on your professor’s preferences, they will either be listed in APA format , MLA , Chicago , etc. This is an imperative step because your entire research paper’s evidence is based on and backed up by these sources, so you must give them credit where credit is due.
While this is not in the cards for all paper writing, it is very important for a last minute research paper. You’ve likely spent hours crunching the information and regurgitating it in your own words to fill up the once blank pages. As such, it’s a good idea to step away from your paper, get some sleep, and then revisit it with fresh eyes in the morning.
9. Proofread Revise and Editing:
As with any paper, you want to make sure you read it over to catch any mistakes. Not only should you use the Word processing tool that checks spelling and grammar for you, but you must also read it out loud to find any mistakes.
10. Find and Remove Plagiarism:
Once you are done with the entire proofreading and checking phase, the last thing that you have to do is find and remove plagiarism in your research paper. Plagiarism has a lot of consequences, and you have to make sure that your research paper is completely free of it. To do this, you first have to use a plagiarism checker to find all the plagiarized parts. Once found, you can either remove them or give the required accreditations.
If there is time to ask a friend or peer to read over your paper one time, that will be a good idea, too.
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How to write a research paper in a day.
Granted, all the steps above can help you write a research paper fast. Here’s a brief look at how you can do this in a day:
1. Brainstorm Quickly
- Use the prompt
- Outline possible options
- Perform a simple Google search and find what has the most information
- Choose your topic
- Create an outline
2. Research
- Find research to support each point in your outline
3. Write Quickly
- Put it all on paper as you think of it
- Take time to edit, condense, and rewrite
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Find a good writing environment.
Before sitting down to get started on your last-minute task, make sure you set up an environment that is conducive to getting your work done. Things you want to consider:
1. Distraction-free:
Choose somewhere quiet and distraction-free. You will have to stay focused for a few hours, so you’ll want to choose a comfortable setting.
2. Good lighting:
Along with comfort, make sure you have adequate lighting to read and write.
3. Go somewhere studious:
Perhaps, if time permits, you can choose to work in somewhere like a library or a study lounge.
4. Bring just your supplies needed:
Even if you work at home, make sure you set up a table with only the supplies you need, as to limit distractions. This could include: a computer, tablet, pen, paper, highlighter, books, and sticky notes. Plus, don’t forget water!
Tips to Avoid Procrastination
Writing a last-minute paper, especially that involves research, is stressful and less than optimal . Instead of finding yourself in this position, you can follow this advice to avoid such a situation.
1. Start early:
Once you’re given the prompt, start thinking about what you want to write about. You can write down ideas on paper and look into the research that supports each point.
2. Outline first and take breaks:
Begin outlining your paper so that when you sit to write, you already have the bulk of it prepared. If you start early, you will have the advantage and ability to take breaks. This helps to revisit your argument with a clear head and potentially see things that you may have otherwise missed.
3. Ask for help if you need it:
Starting early means that you are not crunched for time. So, you have the added benefit of asking for help. You can solicit advice from friends, peers, family, your professors, teacher assistants, the online community, and more. Plus, when you finish writing your paper, you have time to ask for help from someone other than you to read it over and edit it.
The Bottom Line
While knowing how to write a paper fast is useful and at times necessary, it is not the optimal way to approach assignments. However, sometimes being in a bind is out of your control. Therefore, the best way to write a research paper fast is to follow the aforementioned steps and remember to stay calm.
While a research paper involves a lot of work, from creating a strong thesis to finding supporting research, it can be made into an enjoyable activity when you choose to write about something you are interested in. It gives you a chance to digest other people’s findings and make your own inferences about what they mean.
By following the typical structure of a research paper, creating an outline and finding good sources, you can get your research paper done in a night. Good luck!
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How to write a whole research paper in a week
Writing up a full research article in a single week? Maybe you think that’s impossible. Yet I have done it repeatedly, and so have students in my courses. This is an exceptionally joyful (even if demanding) experience: being so productive just feels great! You are not wasting any time, and a paper produced in one go is typically coherent and nice to read. Even if you are a slow writer, you can write a whole paper in a single week — if you follow my strategy. Read below about what you need to prepare and how to approach this project.
I wrote my first scientific research article in 7 days. It started as a desperate effort to stop my procrastination and “just do it”. But I was surprised what a positive experience it was: focused and efficient, I was making daily progress, feeling motivated and content. Finally, the fruits of my hard work were gaining shape — and they did it so quickly!
I realized it was highly effective to write up a paper like this: writing for the whole day, every day until the first draft was finished. My writing project was firmly present in my mind — I didn’t lose time catching up with what I have written in the last session. Since I was not doing anything else, my wandering mind settled in very fast, and I was getting into a routine. The daily progress was clearly visible and motivated me to continue. And the result was a coherent paper that was easy to revise.
Meanwhile, this paper-a-week approach is my favorite. That’s how I write my papers, and that’s what I teach to students. In on-site courses young scientists draft a whole paper in 5 days, writing one major section per day. At the beginning of the week, many participants have doubts. But at the end of the week, they are all excited to see how much they managed to write in just a single week.
If you would also like to try out this approach, then read on about the necessary preparations, the optimal setting, and a productive writing strategy.
If you would like to get support during the preparation, drafting and revising of your research article, check out my online course Write Up Your Paper .
Prepare well
- First, think about your audience and pick a suitable journal . This is an important step because the audience and journal determine the content & style of your paper. As a reference, pick two recent papers on a similar topic published in your target journal.
- Create a storyline for your paper. What is the main message you want to convey, and how are you going to present your results?
- Put together all the results that you need to present your story convincingly: collect the necessary data, finish analyses, and create figures and tables.
- Select and read the relevant background literature as well as studies you want to compare your work with. As you read, note down any point that comes to your mind as something to be mentioned in the Introduction or Discussion section.
- Draft a preliminary Abstract : it will help you keep the direction and not get distracted by secondary ideas as you write the individual sections.
Depending on how complete your results already are, you might need 2-4 weeks to finish all these preparations. To help you keep an overview, I created a checklist with detailed steps that you need to take before you attempt to write up your paper in a week. Subscribe to our Newsletter and get your copy of the checklist.
Reserve a whole week for writing
Now, writing a paper in a single week is a serious business. You can’t do it if you don’t focus solely on the writing and create good writing conditions. Therefore, I recommend the following settings:
- Find a place where you can write without distractions. I have written my first paper over the Easter holidays when there was nobody in the office. You might choose to write at home or in a library. Though if possible, the best is to go for a retreat: removing yourself from your everyday settings immensely helps focus on the writing.
- Cancel (all) social obligations for the week. While it’s crucial to relax in the evening, you want to avoid disturbances associated with social events. Anything that makes your thoughts drift away from your work because it requires planning, exchanging of messages with others, or simply because it’s too exciting is better left for some other week. On the other hand, a quiet meeting with a good friend over a glass of wine or beer might be just the perfect way to unwind and rest after a productive, yet exhausting day of writing.
- Get support from the partner, family or friends — if possible. It’s best when you don’t need to run errands, cook and clean during this week. If you live alone, you can probably easily arrange yourself for undisturbed work. If you live with other people, ask them for consideration and support.
What I described above are the *ideal* conditions for undisturbed writing. But don’t give up if you can’t create such conditions for yourself. Work with what is possible — maybe it will take you 7-8 instead of 5-6 days but that’s still a great result, right?
Do you need to revise & polish your manuscript or thesis but don’t know where to begin?
Get your Revision Checklist
Click here for an efficient step-by-step revision of your scientific texts.
Maybe you think that you can never ever draft a research article in a single week. Because you write so slowly, producing only few paragraphs per day. Well — I agree that if you don’t optimize your writing strategy, it would be hard to impossible to write up a whole paper in a week.
- Separate the processes of writing and revising. That’s the most important principle. Resist the urge to revise as you write the first draft. Moreover, don’t interrupt your writing to look up missing information. Work with placeholders instead. This allows you to get into the state of flow and proceed much faster than you can imagine.
- Start your writing day with 10 minutes of freewriting . Write without stopping about anything that comes to your mind. This helps you to warm up for writing, clear your head of any unrelated thoughts, and get into the mood of writing without editing.
- Take regular power breaks. I recommend to follow the Pomodoro technique : write for 25 minutes and then take a 5-minute break. After 3-4 such sessions take a longer break of 0.5-1 hour. During the breaks get up, walk a bit, stretch, look around, and breathe deeply. These breaks help you sustain high focus and productivity throughout the whole day.
- Eat and sleep well. What you are doing is similar to a professional athlete. So take care of your brain and body, and they will serve you well.
- Reward yourself. Every day celebrate the progress you have made. You have full right to be proud of you!
Write the individual sections in a reasonable order
If you have written a research paper before, you have probably realized that starting with the Introduction and finishing with the Discussion is not the ideal order in which to tackle the individual sections. Instead, I recommend the following procedure:
- Start with the Methods section. This is the easiest section to write, so it’s great as a warm-up, to get into writing without the need to think (and procrastinate ;)) too much. Look at your figures and tables: what methods did you use to create them? Then describe your methods, one after another.
- Results section: Writing the Methods section refreshes your memory about the research you have done. So writing the Results section next should not be too hard: Take one display object (figure or table) after another, and describe the results they contain. While you do so, you will come across points that need to be discussed in the Discussion section. Note them down so you don’t forget them.
- Introduction : When your results are fresh in your mind, you are in a great position to write the Introduction — because the Introduction should contain selected information that gives the reader context for your research project and allows them to understand your results and their implications.
- Discussion : When you have taken notes while writing the Results section, the Discussion section should be quite easy to draft. Don’t worry too early about the order in which you want to discuss the individual points. Write one paragraph for each point , and then see how you can logically arrange them.
- Abstract and title : On the last day, revise the preliminary Abstract or write a new one. You could also take a break of a few days before tackling the Abstract, to gain clarity and distance. Generate multiple titles (I recommend 6-10), so that you and your co-authors can choose the most appropriate one.
Just do it!
Once you have written the whole draft, let it sit for a week or two, and then revise it. Follow my tips for efficient revising and get your revision checklist that will guide you step-by-step through the whole process.
Now I am curious about your experience: Have you ever written up an academic article quickly? How did you do it? Please, share with us your tips & strategies!
Do you need to revise & polish your manuscript or thesis but don’t know where to begin? Is your text a mess and you don't know how to improve it?
Click here for an efficient step-by-step revision of your scientific texts. You will be guided through each step with concrete tips for execution.
7 thoughts on “ How to write a whole research paper in a week ”
Thank for your guide and suggestion. It gives to me very precious ways how to write a article. Now I am writing a article related to Buddhist studies. Thank you so much.
You are welcome!
excellent! it helped me a lot! wish you all best
Hi Parham, I’m happy to hear that!
I have never written any paper before. As I am from very old school.
But my writing skill is actually very good. Your help is definitely going to help me as this has inspired me alot. Will let you know, once done. I really like the outline that you have given. Basically you have made it so easy for me .
Hope fully will be in touch with you soon.
Thanks and ki d Regards, Shehla
Dear Shehla, that sounds great! I’m looking forward to hearing about your paper!
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- December 1, 2022
- Academic Advice
How To Write a Research Paper: The Ultimate Guide 
Manaferra Content
Regardless of the degree or program, you enroll in, writing research papers is inevitable. The process can seem daunting due to the time and effort it takes. But with the proper approach, you’ll make it.
This article will guide you on how to write a research paper perfectly, including how to write a thesis statement for a research paper, how to write a conclusion for a research paper, etc. More specifically, there are nine steps you need to follow to pave the way to a successfully written research paper.
But before that, let’s learn what a research paper is.
What Is a Research Paper?
A research paper can be considered an extended version of an essay. The research paper aims to present your interpretation, argument, or evaluation. In contrast to essays, research papers are more complex and require deep research on a particular matter. Research papers are characterized by the inclusivity of the presentation of other scientists’ opinions.
A research paper is more than a summary, collection of other sources, or literature review. At its core, the research paper analyzes and argues your point of view, further backed up by other studies.
Completing a research paper is a challenging task. But, with our help, you can start and build your way to a good end. Let’s get started!
How To Write a Research Paper
Writing a research paper sounds easy; you pick the topic, develop your argument, research what other studies have said, and conclude it. Those are the general rules. But writing a successful research paper requires you to be more attentive, consistent, and detailed.
The following steps will guide you through a more detailed process of writing a research paper.
Get familiar with the assignment
Writing a research paper takes more than just listening to the instruction while your professor explains. Because many students are not cautious enough to carefully listen and analyze every given step, they end up with a poorly graded assignment or, in the worst case, even fail.
Spend some time reading every instruction, and when in doubt, ask questions! Professors are always open to answering any questions you might have.
Choose a topic for your research paper
Deciding on a topic is usually time-consuming since there are so many topics available. If you need help deciding on a topic, think about what you are passionate about, but always remember to stay within the lines of the instructions. When choosing a topic, keep the following in mind:
- Choose a topic relevant to the length of the paper: If your professor has instructed a longer paper than usual, keep your topic broad, for example, “Internships.” On the other hand, if it’s shorter, try to narrow your topic to something more specific such as “Internship’s impact on interpersonal skills.”
- Consider topics that allow you to discuss or analyze rather than summarize: If you’re writing anything literature related, focus on how, for example, a particular scene leads to a specific theme. Avoid choosing a topic that plainly describes scenes or characters.
- Find a topic with many previous studies available: Since research papers mainly focus on your research, you must ensure plenty of studies can support your arguments.
Do the research and take notes
Now it’s time to research what different scholars have written about the topic. Since this step requires a lot of reading and comprehension, it’s crucial to know how to read scholarly articles effectively and efficiently. The pieces you will go through will be lengthy, and sometimes only a few parts within those papers will be helpful. That’s why it is essential to skim and scan.
Secondly, find reliable sources. Visit sites such as Google Scholar, and focus on peer-reviewed articles since they contain information that has been reviewed and evaluated.
Next, keep track of what you have read so far. It’s vital to save everything you have read and consider influential in one place. Instead of going back and forth between different sites, you can have everything in one place. You can bookmark the sources or link those sources to a document. That will save you valuable time when you start writing.
And remember: always stay focused and within your topic area.
Formulate your thesis statement
Research until you reach your own opinion or argument on the topic, otherwise known as a thesis statement. A thesis statement is an introductory statement that puts forward your explanation or point within the paper. When formulating a thesis statement, remember the following:
- Don’t be vague.
- Make a strong statement.
- Make it arguable.
Checking in with your professor after you have developed a clear, persuasive thesis statement can be helpful. Ask them whether they agree your thesis statement is the right one. And if you get a positive answer, you’re ready for the next step.
Create an outline for your research paper
Even if it’s not required by your instructor, creating an outline will help you greatly in the long run. A structure will simplify the writing process, regardless of length or complexity. It should contain detailed information for the arrangement of each paragraph and identify the smaller components per each paragraph in order, such as the introductory sentence and the supporting evidence.
The outline will create a visual board and help you define what to include and where. And most importantly, in this part, you can identify possible mistakes and not have them in your drafts.
Write your first draft
And now you’ve made it to the real deal. The work you’ve done till this point matters a lot. If you succeed in having a good topic, a strong thesis with backup evidence, and an already structured paper, half of the job is already done—you just have to fill in the blanks at this point.
As you first start writing, remember that this is the first draft. Trust your memory and avoid going between sources and your paper. This way, you can prevent plagiarism and be original instead. Start with the introduction and the body, and work through a conclusion.
Introduction
Introductions to research papers are always unique. It is the part where you set up the topic and hook your reader. Additionally, you must provide background to the existing research, position your approach, and put forward the thesis statement. Furthermore, you need to explain why your topic deserves immediate attention.
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An introduction highlights all you’ve gathered from your research. While it may seem fine to write the introduction first, we suggest you focus on the body of the paper first. Then you’ll find it simple to build a clear summary.
This is the longest part of the research paper. You are required to support your thesis and build the argument, followed by citations and analysis.
Place the paragraphs in a logical arrangement so each key point flows naturally to the next one. Similarly, organize the sentences in each paragraph in an organic structure. If you have carefully arranged your notes and created an outline, your thoughts will automatically fall into place when you write your draft.
After introducing your topic and arguing your points, the conclusion will bring everything together. Focus on developing a stimulating and informative conclusion. Make it possible for readers to understand it independently from the rest of the paper.
These are some of the suggestions that will lead to a well-written conclusion:
- Provide a clear summary
- Emphasize issues raised and possible solutions
Write your second draft
Usually, the first draft is followed by a second one. However, before proceeding with the process, highlight the errors and points you would prefer to avoid including in the final draft. With the help of a second draft, you will be able to notice mistakes and create a definitive outline for the final draft. Furthermore, you can communicate your ideas more clearly and effectively by creating multiple drafts.
Cite sources and prepare a bibliography
Citations are what characterize the research paper. The importance of citations lies in reliability: citing sources will make your writing more reliable. But how do you cite correctly? The problem is that there is more than just a set of rules. If your professor has set no rules, you can ask them. After being given the right instructions on what citation style to use, do plenty of research and make sure to cite correctly.
Edit, edit, and edit some more
Now it’s time to strive for perfection. Start editing with a fresh perspective. Firstly, focus on the content. It would be beneficial to create a checklist you can follow. You can produce a list that follows the instructions of your professor. If everything checks right, you can submit it. Otherwise, you’ll need to work toward perfecting the paper. Here are some things you need to check:
- Are you within the lines of the assignment?
- Have you achieved the right length?
- Do sentences communicate your ideas?
- Is the supporting evidence conducted correctly?
It is also crucial to edit for grammar. Plenty of online tools, such as Grammarly and Hemingway Editor, can help you during the process. You can also ask your peers to check it after you’ve done your part. Their fresh perspective will pick up on many things you might have missed.
The Bottom Line
Writing a research paper is one of the essential parts of academics. The process might seem straightforward, but there are many steps you should carefully follow. And remember: always stay on track with your progress; otherwise, you will get lost in tasks.
We hope by the time you have read this guide, you’ve been able to pick up the essential parts. But if you haven’t, you can go through it again.
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How to write a ten-page paper: expert tips.
Writing a 10-page paper is not the easiest task in the world, especially if you have to turn it in within a short time. However, with a proper strategic approach, you can successfully write a 10-page paper in one night! Ready to learn how to write a 10-page paper? This article covers the best approach to writing a ten-page paper within a short period without compromising the quality of the paper. With our 10-page research paper example guide, we shall show you how to concentrate your effort, clear brain clutter, and cut to the chase!
In writing a 10-page research paper, there are some vital things to pay attention to. These are:
- The paper structure , which should be in line with the recommended guidelines of your school or instructor. Slight deviations are sometimes acceptable.
- The sources of information , which should be relevant, reliable, and research-oriented. The quality of your work will be evaluated based on the uniqueness of your resources.
- The format of the paper , which should be the format accepted in your school. Don’t overlook your format as it will count to the final grading.
- Your proofreading and revision , which determines how sleek and elegant your paper will be. This stage, though often overlooked, can make or break your essay.
These factors chronicle the general things to pay attention to. Let’s delve fully into how to write a ten-page paper in one day or as quick as a night!
How to Write a 10-Page Paper in One Night.
Short of time so much so that you’re tempted to use space-fillers in your ten-page paper? You needn’t do that! Writing a 10-page paper in one night may seem like an arduous task, but it is doable. The best way to tackle a 10-page paper is to do it without procrastinating. However, sometimes many things happen, and we don’t end up following up on things as we planned. If you’ve already delayed and the deadline for submission of your 10-page research paper is tomorrow, or if you just want to get over with that ten-page paper and spend your time on other things, I’m glad to tell you that it’s possible! It all boils down to playing your cards well, which we will show you how.
Sometimes, it is difficult to resist the temptation of just jumping to writing without a structure. But on such a night like this, you need a well-laid out structure because of the number of hours’ worth of corrections it can save you. This plan should contain the topic of the 10-page paper, how you choose to introduce the topic, the thesis statement for your research paper, etc. Once this is complete, all you need to do is to wear more flesh on each point and viola! you have your 10-page research paper right in front of you!
After you’ve written down appropriate plans, you need to dedicate a particular amount of time to each section. This time allocation will help you control the amount of time you will take to write the entire paper. For example, you could dedicate 1 hour to collecting and collating sources, 2 hours to reading these sources, 3 hours for the writing, 1 hour for the proofreading, etc. Allocate this time as you deem fit, as long as you’ll still be able to make it before the sun rises.
Knowing the right tools to carry out research goes a long way in saving lots and lots of time. And immediately organize these sources to what chapter or area they come to play. Elsevier, Google Scholar, etc., are excellent places to start. So how many sources for a 10-page paper? On average, about 5-7 sources are enough for a ten-page research paper. The bibliography section in your textbook could be of great help. It is advisable not to use Wikipedia as it is not a primary source of information and can be edited by almost anybody.
Citation/reference management tools are huge time savers. Believe me, you don’t want to be the one trying to manually keep a tab of your sources and reference at a time like this. Tools such as Endnote and Mendeley are relevant and reliable citation managers. Even though pressure may be high on you, don’t be tempted to plagiarize.
Strict formatting rules (e.g., APA, Harvard, MLA, etc.) apply to every academic paper. Therefore, you have to format your paper appropriately according to your school guidelines.
It is common to make some errors and huge oversights while working under pressure. Take time off when you are done and come back after a while to proofread it. Chances are, some things will not look right! Avoid the use of passive voice, slang, colloquial language, etc.
So here we are! How to write a ten-page paper in one day or night! Despite the limited time, you may have just written your best paper ever!
10-Page Research Paper Outline
Even when you’re short of time, always remember that there is a prescribed outline when writing a 10-page paper. This outline may vary as decided by your school, discipline, or type of essay. Generally, a 10-page paper outline goes as follows:
The introduction is meant to get readers interested in your work. Start with a striking quoted statement, statistics, etc., and serve them the basics of your work in this part. Divide the introduction into two paragraphs, the first posing the research question (thesis statement) and the second explaining how your paper will answer the question. End this paragraph with a sentence that summarizes the argument of the essay.
The body is the major part of your essay as it contains a chunk of the information. The body can be divided into three sections, each with a subheading. Each of these sections can contain six paragraphs. Each body paragraph should begin with a topic sentence, and emphasize only an idea following this pattern: the idea, the evidence supporting it, a rebuttal possible counter-arguments, stating how the point affects the overall topic, and then connecting the paragraph with the point in the next paragraph. You can also divide body paragraphs into chapters, following the same pattern.
This conclusion part summarizes your findings in two paragraphs. The first, which reiterates your thesis, and the second, which tells why your arguments matter. Keep it short and straight to the point.
How Many Words Is A 10-page Paper?
So now that you know how to write a ten-page paper, how many words is a ten-page paper? A 10-page paper word count is only 2,500 words. If you type at an average speed of 40wpm, that will take you about an hour to complete. You, however, can’t finish a 10-page paper within an hour, because, of course, you don’t have it all in your head.
10-page paper topics
There is a wide array of 10-page research paper topics. These topics could cut across all fields of discipline. Here are five 10-page paper topics to help you get an idea of possible topics to expect.
- Do Children Learn Better In Single-Sex Schools?
- What Are The Effects Of China’s One-Child Policy?
- How Can Bullying Be Effectively Reduced In Schools?
- Should Steroids Be Legalized?
- Is Terrorism Justifiable?
- The Effect Of Global Warming
- The Growth Of World’s Population
- The Development Of Social Media
- Populism And Democracy
- Space Exploration And Its Prospects
Writing a 10-page paper is easy once you know the right thing to do. If you’re short of time, just take a deep breath, relax, and get to work! You can finish writing a ten-page paper in one night if you hire professional writers right now!
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The Study Blog : Research topics
How to write a research paper in an hour, here’s how to write a research paper in an hour :.
Your deadline was fast approaching three days ago, but since you felt that you still had time, you procrastinated. Now you are five hours to your deadline and you can spare only an hour for the paper. How to write a research paper in an hour which will fetch you a good grade? Read our exclusive tips and tricks on how to write a research paper when the deadline is rapidly approaching and stress levels are rising.
Are tight deadlines, clashing assignments, and unclear tasks giving you sleepless nights?
Do not panic, hire a professional essay writer today.
Research Your Topic Quickly
You can do this by quickly going through the prompt as given by the lecturer then listing down a number of possible research paper topics. After this, do a quick search on Google to determine the topic with the highest number of sources. As you are working with a short deadline, it is best that you pick a research paper topic with a large number of sources for research. However, ensure that the research paper topic chosen is one in which you have some level of interest.
How to Write A Research Paper Outline
After coming up with a topic, it is now time to break it down into different subtopics that will form the subtitles in your research paper outline. The first part should be the introduction which introduces the reader to the topic and gives a general overview on what is to be discussed. The final part should be the conclusion of the paper which gives a summary of the topic. The sections between should be subdivided depending on the length and content of the research paper, and the expectations by the lecturer.
You may also like: The little secret why your friends are earning better grades
How To Research Quickly
The grade on any paper is heavily determined by the amount of research put into it. Since you have to do your research paper quickly, with little-to-no time to do any extensive research, you have to smart your way through it. This should be done well enough to convince your lecturer that you did the research paper in more time than you did.
First, acquire the necessary books or journals, then do a quick scan of them. As you do this, check for the most important points in each of them then write these down. After, skim through the resources and write down the points that may have been repeated in two or more of the books. Repeat this until you have a list of the points starting from the most important to the least.
After this, you can start writing your research paper.
How To Write a Research Paper In An Hour Explained
The previous steps would have probably taken up at least 50% of the time you have allocated for the assignments. As such, it is important that you write quickly while editing and citing such that the proofreading will take the least amount of time.
To reduce the time it would take to do the writing, and read from the source, have the word document and the resource source open simultaneously so that it would be a matter of moving your eyes through both as you write.
The introduction should be short and to the point. Three paragraphs are the ideal length for this research paper introduction, but this may vary depending on the length of your paper.
As you go through the body of the paper, most of which will be comprised of the contents of your research, do the citing. This will be made even easier because you had already noted down your strongest points and their sources before beginning the writing. This will reduce the time needed for editing.
Where you have used the internet to do the research for your paper and as such do not have the academic citing required, use Google Scholar. Type in your topic with a few specifications in order to narrow down your search results. Then pick the option of citing the books suggested, copy the required format and paste it into your word document.
Research Paper Proofreading
After you are done writing the research paper, check it for any mistakes. The extent of the research paper proofreading is dependent on the time left before your deadline. The longer the deadline, the more thorough the editing.
Be sure to pass your work through Grammarly to clear the grammar mistakes. Remember that to effectively write a research paper in an hour, you need to carefully write your essay as accurately as possible to reduce the grammar mistakes and thus save time for proofreading.
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Three tips to save hundreds of hours writing research papers
Joanna Wilkinson
This blog about writing research papers is part of our Research Smarter series. This series is dedicated to helping you get familiar with your research field. Wath our on-demand webinar, ‘Tips to save hundreds of hours writing research papers’ and read the related blog posts in our series.
A well-referenced manuscript is central to sound, robust research. The problem is that organizing, adding and formatting your bibliographic information can take a lot of time, which is a scarce resource for academics.
Academia isn’t a 9 to 5 job. According to recent surveys by Nature and Times Higher Education , around 40% of academics work more than 60 hours a week, and a lot of their actual research takes place at the weekend. Undergraduate students and PhD candidates are also known to feel the burden of long hours, often in response to intense expectation from the wider academic system.
With academic life so stretched, it’s critical that researchers learn the best and fastest way to speed up the writing process. Otherwise, hundreds of valuable research hours are at risk.
This might sound like an exaggeration, but it’s not.
Over three million articles are published annually, and this number is accelerating by 4% a year. This growing body of work is evident in citations, too. There was an average of 47 cited references across all articles and reviews in the Web of Science Core Collection™ in 2019, up from 35 in 2009.
If you add the time it takes to find, organize and add citations, you’re looking at an incredible amount of work – even more so when you include reformatting references after a rejection.
Your paper was rejected. Now what?
Submitting your paper to a new journal is already time-consuming work. Reformatting your references to suit is even more so.
The global manuscript rejection rate is 45% and so rejections are a common occurrence in the publishing process. An editor of PLoS Biology once confirmed that its rejection rate sits around 90%, which he likens to prestigious journals such as Science , Cell and Nature .
Reformatting a reference to match a journal’s preferences may only take five seconds per citation, but that accumulates fast. It quickly becomes time and energy that researchers can’t afford to spare in today’s high-pressure environment.
Luckily, that’s where the reference management software, EndNote™, comes in.
Three tips to save time when writing research
We’ve written numerous blogs about how academics can research smarter , and here, we’ll cover three tips to help you stay organized and efficient during the writing stage with EndNote .
EndNote not only frees you from the tedious work of manually collecting and curating your research materials and formatting bibliographies, but it also gives you greater ease and control in coordinating with your colleagues.
“My production levels have literally skyrocketed after using EndNote. It has been so beneficial to my academic career.” – Juwan Bennett, Temple University, Pennsylvania
Using EndNote, you can:
- easily collect and save large libraries of references to take with you and access remotely,
- add citations and complete your bibliography while you write, without the need to use disparate systems, and
- choose from hundreds of stylistic formats, which can be converted to match the requirements of any new journal you submit to.
Keep reading for our three tips – or watch our quick video –to make sure you’re getting the most out of your EndNote subscription.
Don’t have EndNote? No problem, sign up for a free 30 day trial.
Watch this video if you are a Windows user .
1) Save and share entire reference lists with a click of a button
Ever performed a search or found a paper so relevant to your research you wanted to save it and explore all the cited references?
With EndNote, you can import references from online research and citation databases or from your existing folders of PDFs. These can be all be saved to your EndNote library quickly and easily.
Adding references to your library does differ depending on the research or citation database you’re using. However, each roughly follows the same format.
To import from PubMed, for example, simply:
- Perform your search and mark articles of interest.
- When you have marked your records, click “Send to” and select “Citation Manager” and create file.
- Click on the downloaded file to import into EndNote.
Working with a team of co-authors? Share selected groups of references, manage team access and track activity and changes with up to 100 EndNote users.
To learn about this and more, check out our Quick Reference Guide for Windows or Mac – or try EndNote today.
2) Cite while you write
It can be tempting to think it’s quicker to write a paper and worry about adding and formatting citations towards the end of the process. This approach can be even more time-consuming, however, and puts you at risk of unintentionally failing to cite a source in your paper.
EndNote’s Cite While You Write (CWYW) feature optimizes the writing process. It connects with your word processor to add citations as you write your manuscript. That means you can connect with your EndNote library and quickly search for any reference you want to include without using disparate systems – or breaking your chain of thought.
EndNote will even format the citations within your manuscript in any style you require, while simultaneously updating your bibliography.
Once you have connected CWYW with your word processor, simply:
- Place your cursor where you want the citation to appear.
- Click “Insert Citation” to search for EndNote references without leaving Word.
- Search for the citation you wish to include using a keyword, author’s last name or title, for example.
- Highlight the citation you wish to include.
- Click “Insert.”
- Your selection will appear as an in-text citation and as a cited reference the end of your document.
“Using EndNote helps me save a lot of time. Once a reference is added in my database, there’s no need to retype the whole thing every time. I also enjoy the fact that I don’t need to keep track of where the reference appears in the text, it’s all updated automatically in the final reference list.” Dominic Falconi, Founder of Neovaltech.
3) Don’t let rejections slow down your research
Manuscript rejections are common so it’s likely you’ll face this at some point in your career. It can be painstakingly slow to reformat all your references to match another journal’s style guide. Fortunately, EndNote™ solves this problem by automating the styling process.
You simply need to select the style from hundreds of options available to you, and then quickly and easily convert your entire manuscript to that format.
Follow these steps to reformat the citations in your manuscript:
- Click on the small arrow at the bottom of the “Bibliography” section in your Word document to open up the “Configure Bibliography” command pop-up window.
- Select your preferred style from the list of favorites or use the “Browse” button to see more styles.
- Click “OK”.
You can also amend a citation style by clicking on a citation and going to the “Edit and Manage Citation(s)” button.
“When journals ask to format the manuscripts according to their style, I can trust to find a compatible style that works with EndNote. My papers are better formatted with the first submission, something that I believe enhances my chances of getting published.” – Duncan Gatoto, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi
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How to Write a Research Paper Fast
28 Oct 2021
Quick Navigation
- Step 1: Pick a Topic That Is Researched a Little Bit
Step 2: Do In-Depth Research Taking Quick Notes
Step 3: create an outline of your essay in advance, step 4: write the abstract and introduction first, step 5: write the body next, step 6: create a logical conclusion, step 7. do not skip editing and proofreading, step 8. focus on quality over quantity, step 9. write the paper as per the desired standard, how to finish a research paper fast, final thoughts.
When you're a student, you might be faced with a time when you've got a research paper to write. You might have been putting it off for weeks and then suddenly the reality hits and pressure mounts. You need to know how to write a research paper fast. Quit asking yourself if you can " write my paper in hours " because it can be done! How long does it take to write a research paper? That depends on many factors including how long it needs to be. If you're asking how to write a paper in one night, you're in a very different position to someone asking how to write a research paper in 5 days.
Unless you’ve saved your research paper until the very last hour, you can get it done. Want to know how to write a paper fast? The first thing you need to do is start it. Starting the task is often the biggest hurdle. Once you’ve understood the assignment and gathered a few thoughts together, you’ll feel much more ready to take it on.
Firstly, you need to make sure you know what a research paper is. If you don’t, you might write in the wrong style. Essentially, it’s what its name suggests: a paper that requires an argument or thesis that is backed up by research. Typically, a research paper will draw on a range of cited sources, analyze an argument, and pull many ideas together to prove – or disprove – a point.
Now you know what you’re doing, it’s time to start preparing. Here are the steps you need to take (in the order you need to take them) to write your research paper fast
Step 1: Pick a Topic That Is Researched a Little Bite
Depending on the specifics of your assignment, you’ll either choose your own topic or be given one. If you need to choose one yourself, it can be a really positive thing. There are lots of techniques you can use to help you choose a good, relevant topic to the guidelines. Choosing your own research topic means you can also pick something that truly interests you.
Good advice would be to choose a broad topic that you can write lots about. If you choose something narrow, rare, or unusual, you might find it difficult to find resources, which is the last thing you need when you’re pushed for time. If you want to know how to write papers faster, choose a topic that interests you and that you already know a little about.
Here are some steps that might help you choose a topic to research:
- Use brainstorming and mind mapping techniques
- Check there is enough content out there by searching a few key points online
- Write out ideas for a possible research question
- Write a list of keywords that you think might be important
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If you’ve got a broad topic sorted, it’s now time to start researching. Don’t worry about having a thesis question in mind yet. This will come as you research more broadly into the topic. If you develop the thesis idea too early, you might end up not being able to find enough information or evidence to prove it.
Wikipedia is a good place to start for broad ideas (as long as you keep in mind that it can have inaccuracies). Other good sources of information are government publications, scientific journals, Google Scholar, online broadsheet newspapers, and encyclopedias.
When looking for sources, you need to review what you find and evaluate any information you collect. At this time, it’s a good idea to make quick notes of things you might want to reference or cite when writing papers. Always remember, though, to keep track of your sources while you're writing to help build accurate references and bibliography pages.
Research is as simple as using an internet search engine. However, it is important to evaluate each source’s validity. As previously mentioned, Wikipedia is not reliable because it can be edited easily by anyone. You should, instead, rely on trustworthy publications like the New York Times and TIME magazine, for example.
When you’re pushed for time, it’s easy to think you’ll just get straight into paper writing and skip the outline to save time. However, skipping the process of creating an outline on your papers will do quite the opposite. If you're interested in how to write a paper quickly, you need to spend time planning.
When you spend time organizing your thoughts in an outline, you will only have to focus on getting your ideas into words when you begin writing. The ideas, thoughts, and structure will already be there. You will save time this way!
The thesis statement needs to be simple, concise, and specific. Your outline is like a map to help you write a response to it. When you’ve done a detailed outline, you will know exactly what you’re going to write in all parts of the essay, and you’ll know what evidence you’re going to use to support the arguments.
The outline needs to lay out the main points your research paper is going to argue. Each point needs relevant evidence to support it, which you can also include briefly in the outline. Don’t forget, you need to try and make your points and paragraphs flow well.
In terms of your available time, you should dedicate 15% of your time to structuring and outlining your research paper. So, if you have fifteen days until your deadline, you should spend an entire day structuring and outlining the paper. This might seem like a lot of time spent just on writing the outline, but it will save time in the long run.
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When you have narrowed down your topic to a thesis, it’s time to start writing. Begin with the abstract and introduction. The abstract should summarize your main ideas as well as the research paper’s purpose.
After writing the abstract, write the introduction. This should state the context of the topic and should begin with a strong sentence opener to grab attention. Remember, this is just a first draft so if you can’t think of anything punchy, leave it until you’re reviewing and editing. Following the hook, you need to provide background information and explain why the topic you’ve chosen is important. The introduction should close with the thesis statement.
After writing your detailed outline, you’ll find writing the main body of papers. Not only will thoughts be already down on paper, but you’ll be able to concentrate more on making it flow and keeping it focused.
Begin each main body paragraph with a sentence on the topic and go on to analyze why it is true and what evidence you have to support it using relevant examples and facts from your research. Remember to cite and reference these appropriately as per the writing conventions. Don’t go overkill with quotes, though. Your reader wants to know what you think and what your ideas are.
When writing your conclusion, you need to make sure it analyzes your thesis question and is logical. Many people prefer to summarize briefly the points they’ve made in the paper and restate their thesis in other words. It’s best to avoid repeating any ideas and facts that you’ve already included, and you should also avoid including anything new in the conclusion too. That said, you can include suggestions for some further research points and ideas and explain how they could be interesting or important.
Even those who are best at writing make mistakes and typos in their writing. No matter how much effort and attention you put into your paper, you probably have made a mistake or two. Whenever you feel you’ve finished writing, you haven’t. The first paper you always write is simply a draft. This only becomes your final draft when you’ve fine-tuned it with thorough editing and proofreading.
It is not uncommon for students to seek proofreading and editing services, especially when English is not their first language. This can be a good idea because you’re often unable to see your own mistakes. If you have no one to check over your work, you can use useful tools like Grammarly for Microsoft Word Editor to find mistakes. It’s also useful to use the ‘read aloud’ option so you can see how it sounds. A professional research paper writer could spend hours on this.
If you’ve got a tight deadline, it can be tempting to just keep the thoughts flowing and write everything that comes into your head. This can end up being detrimental to your grade. If you’re asked to write a five-page paper and you write ten pages, you likely won’t be providing your lecturer or teacher with the concise level of detail they are looking for. As a rule, a standard Microsoft Word page (12pt font, one-inch margin, double spacing) has as many as 300 words. With this knowledge, you can divide your pages and words into minutes according to your typing speed. If you’re needing an essay quickly, you’ll need to type it quickly. Quality is much more important than quantity so make sure you stick close to the word count. A good rule of thumb that many universities use is that you can be 10% under or over the set number of words. So, if you are required to write 1000 words, anything between 900 and 1000 words would be acceptable.
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Whenever you’re developing your paragraphs during the writing process, you should write the opening sentences of each section or the key sentences first. You might have even done this to some extent on the outline – and if you have, that’s great! Your key sentences need to be concise, coherent, and strong and so you’ll need to spend longer getting the wording of these just right.
You should only include one idea or topic in each paragraph. This will help you to focus on the single idea and make conclusions from it. It also means transitioning to the next paragraph is easier.
In terms of time, you should allocate around 40% of your deadline to writing and developing your main paragraphs. If we use the previous example of 15 days, this means spending six days working on this. This work would include writing statements that support the thesis, inserting correct and relevant in-text citations, and summing up the paragraphs.
After your first draft is complete, you should look at the paper quickly as a whole. Look at its structure and content and double-check you’ve got the order and flow right. Once you’re happy with these things, it’s time to do a final edit and finish your research paper.
The final process involves reading your paper with the thesis constantly in mind. Ask yourself if everything is relevant and ties in with the thesis statement. You should also consider if it is logical.
Other things to look for include filler words or phrases, and repetitive words, sentences, or ideas. If you find yourself using the same sentence starters over again, use a thesaurus to look for synonyms. An example would be to use “generally” instead of “in general”. To spot problems with syntax, read the research paper out loud.
Writing papers is tough. Many students who search the internet for how to write a research paper in a day, don't want to be where they've ended up. When deadlines are looming many people reach the internet searching for write my research paper services. But, now you’re aware that it is possible to write a research paper fast! Of course, if you were to always write your academic papers in this way, you’ll find yourself to be very stressed indeed. Take the stress on board for next time and make sure you start earlier! Having more time usually means a better outcome. Ultimately, the best way to write a research paper is with time. So next time, you won't need to head to Google and ask how to write a research paper in one day or how to write a research paper in one night!
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How to Write a Research Paper
Last Updated: January 31, 2023 References Approved
This article was co-authored by Chris Hadley, PhD . Chris Hadley, PhD is part of the wikiHow team and works on content strategy and data and analytics. Chris Hadley earned his PhD in Cognitive Psychology from UCLA in 2006. Chris' academic research has been published in numerous scientific journals. There are 15 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. wikiHow marks an article as reader-approved once it receives enough positive feedback. This article received 45 testimonials and 80% of readers who voted found it helpful, earning it our reader-approved status. This article has been viewed 4,108,560 times.
Whether you’re in a history, literature, or science class, you’ll probably have to write a research paper at some point. It may seem daunting when you’re just starting out, but staying organized and budgeting your time can make the process a breeze. Research your topic, find reliable sources, and come up with a working thesis. Then create an outline and start drafting your paper. Be sure to leave plenty of time to make revisions, as editing is essential if you want to hand in your best work!
Sample Research Papers and Outlines
Researching Your Topic
- For instance, you might start with a general subject, like British decorative arts. Then, as you read, you home in on transferware and pottery. Ultimately, you focus on 1 potter in the 1780s who invented a way to mass-produce patterned tableware.
Tip: If you need to analyze a piece of literature, your task is to pull the work apart into literary elements and explain how the author uses those parts to make their point.
- Authoritative, credible sources include scholarly articles (especially those other authors reference), government websites, scientific studies, and reputable news bureaus. Additionally, check your sources' dates, and make sure the information you gather is up to date.
- Evaluate how other scholars have approached your topic. Identify authoritative sources or works that are accepted as the most important accounts of the subject matter. Additionally, look for debates among scholars, and ask yourself who presents the strongest evidence for their case. [3] X Trustworthy Source Purdue Online Writing Lab Trusted resource for writing and citation guidelines Go to source
- You’ll most likely need to include a bibliography or works cited page, so keep your sources organized. List your sources, format them according to your assigned style guide (such as MLA or Chicago ), and write 2 or 3 summary sentences below each one. [4] X Research source
- Imagine you’re a lawyer in a trial and are presenting a case to a jury. Think of your readers as the jurors; your opening statement is your thesis and you’ll present evidence to the jury to make your case.
- A thesis should be specific rather than vague, such as: “Josiah Spode’s improved formula for bone china enabled the mass production of transfer-printed wares, which expanded the global market for British pottery.”
Drafting Your Essay
- Your outline is your paper’s skeleton. After making the outline, all you’ll need to do is fill in the details.
- For easy reference, include your sources where they fit into your outline, like this: III. Spode vs. Wedgewood on Mass Production A. Spode: Perfected chemical formula with aims for fast production and distribution (Travis, 2002, 43) B. Wedgewood: Courted high-priced luxury market; lower emphasis on mass production (Himmelweit, 2001, 71) C. Therefore: Wedgewood, unlike Spode, delayed the expansion of the pottery market.
- For instance, your opening line could be, “Overlooked in the present, manufacturers of British pottery in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries played crucial roles in England’s Industrial Revolution.”
- After presenting your thesis, lay out your evidence, like this: “An examination of Spode’s innovative production and distribution techniques will demonstrate the importance of his contributions to the industry and Industrial Revolution at large.”
Tip: Some people prefer to write the introduction first and use it to structure the rest of the paper. However, others like to write the body, then fill in the introduction. Do whichever seems natural to you. If you write the intro first, keep in mind you can tweak it later to reflect your finished paper’s layout.
- After setting the context, you'd include a section on Josiah Spode’s company and what he did to make pottery easier to manufacture and distribute.
- Next, discuss how targeting middle class consumers increased demand and expanded the pottery industry globally.
- Then, you could explain how Spode differed from competitors like Wedgewood, who continued to court aristocratic consumers instead of expanding the market to the middle class.
- The right number of sections or paragraphs depends on your assignment. In general, shoot for 3 to 5, but check your prompt for your assigned length.
- If you bring up a counterargument, make sure it’s a strong claim that’s worth entertaining instead of ones that's weak and easily dismissed.
- Suppose, for instance, you’re arguing for the benefits of adding fluoride to toothpaste and city water. You could bring up a study that suggested fluoride produced harmful health effects, then explain how its testing methods were flawed.
- Sum up your argument, but don’t simply rewrite your introduction using slightly different wording. To make your conclusion more memorable, you could also connect your thesis to a broader topic or theme to make it more relatable to your reader.
- For example, if you’ve discussed the role of nationalism in World War I, you could conclude by mentioning nationalism’s reemergence in contemporary foreign affairs.
Revising Your Paper
- This is also a great opportunity to make sure your paper fulfills the parameters of the assignment and answers the prompt!
- It’s a good idea to put your essay aside for a few hours (or overnight, if you have time). That way, you can start editing it with fresh eyes.
Tip: Try to give yourself at least 2 or 3 days to revise your paper. It may be tempting to simply give your paper a quick read and use the spell-checker to make edits. However, revising your paper properly is more in-depth.
- The passive voice, such as “The door was opened by me,” feels hesitant and wordy. On the other hand, the active voice, or “I opened the door,” feels strong and concise.
- Each word in your paper should do a specific job. Try to avoid including extra words just to fill up blank space on a page or sound fancy.
- For instance, “The author uses pathos to appeal to readers’ emotions” is better than “The author utilizes pathos to make an appeal to the emotional core of those who read the passage.”
- Read your essay out loud to help ensure you catch every error. As you read, check for flow as well and, if necessary, tweak any spots that sound awkward. [14] X Trustworthy Source University of North Carolina Writing Center UNC's on-campus and online instructional service that provides assistance to students, faculty, and others during the writing process Go to source
- It’s wise to get feedback from one person who’s familiar with your topic and another who’s not. The person who knows about the topic can help ensure you’ve nailed all the details. The person who’s unfamiliar with the topic can help make sure your writing is clear and easy to understand.
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- Remember that your topic and thesis should be as specific as possible. ⧼thumbs_response⧽ Helpful 4 Not Helpful 0
- Researching, outlining, drafting, and revising are all important steps, so do your best to budget your time wisely. Try to avoid waiting until the last minute to write your paper. ⧼thumbs_response⧽ Helpful 4 Not Helpful 1
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- ↑ https://writing.wisc.edu/handbook/assignments/planresearchpaper/
- ↑ https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/evaluating-print-sources/
- ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/conducting_research/research_overview/index.html
- ↑ https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/writing/graduate-writing-lab/writing-through-graduate-school/working-sources
- ↑ https://opentextbc.ca/writingforsuccess/chapter/chapter-5-putting-the-pieces-together-with-a-thesis-statement/
- ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/the_writing_process/developing_an_outline/index.html
- ↑ https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/introductions/
- ↑ https://writingcenter.fas.harvard.edu/pages/essay-structure
- ↑ https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/writingprocess/counterarguments
- ↑ https://writingcenter.fas.harvard.edu/pages/ending-essay-conclusions
- ↑ https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/revising-drafts/
- ↑ https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/formandstyle/writing/scholarlyvoice/activepassive
- ↑ https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/editing-and-proofreading/
- ↑ https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/reading-aloud/
- ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/the_writing_process/proofreading/index.html
About This Article
To write a research paper, start by researching your topic at the library, online, or using an academic database. As you conduct your research and take notes, zero in on a specific topic that you want to write about and create a 1-2 sentence thesis to state the focus of your paper. Then, create an outline that includes an introduction, 3 to 5 body paragraphs to present your arguments, and a conclusion to sum up your main points. Once you have your paper's structure organized, draft your paragraphs, focusing on 1 argument per paragraph. Use the information you found through your research to back up your claims and prove your thesis statement. Finally, proofread and revise your content until it's polished and ready to submit. For more information on researching and citing sources, read on! Did this summary help you? Yes No
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How to Write a Research Paper Step by Step [2023 Upd.]
Only two words, but you already feel a chill down your spine. A research paper is no joke. It’s a super detailed piece of academic writing where you analyze a chosen issue in-depth. The main aim of such torture is to show how knowledgeable you are and that your opinion can be a valuable asset for the field.
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However, you should worry too much about it. The secret to a fabulous paper is to break it down into small tasks! Therefore, to successfully finish this task and stay sane, we only need to answer one question: What are the steps to writing a research paper? Continue reading this article by Custom-Writing.org experts, and soon you’ll get the answer!
- 👣 Writing Steps
- 🕵 Choosing Your Topic
- 🔎 Doing Your Research
- ❗ Making a Thesis
- 📑 Making an Outline
- ✒️ Drafting Your Paper
- 🔤 Revising and Formatting
🔗 References
Research papers can be kind of compared to essays since they both share a similar structure. However, the kind of paper we are talking about here is much longer and more detailed.
Moreover, unlike with essays that present your writing skills, the research paper is needed to check your scholarly abilities. It makes sense that you would also need to spend more time looking through various sources and picking only the most credible ones. You need more self-managing skills to finish this assignment on time and with no stressing. But you can find everything you need in this short guide, which explains every step from getting ready to proofreading and editing!
👣 How to Write a Research Paper Step by Step
You’ll find more details on how to write a research paper in the below sections and in another useful article from this blog.
🕵 Step 1. Choosing Your Research Paper Topic
The first step to writing a research paper is to choose a topic . It should be:
How to title a research paper according to your subject? Try rereading – you will find many exciting things in your notes to turn into a research paper title.
It’s also useful to read some works written by previous students. Ask your professor where you can find examples, and investigate their topics . It will inspire you to write a paper on an important issue.
🔎 Step 2. Doing Preliminary Research
How to start a research paper? By doing research, of course! In the beginning, you should determine where to find information. We have some tips on how to use the sources most effectively.
❗ Step 3. Making a Thesis Statement
While analyzing the sources, try to take some notes and put down any questions that pop up in your head. For instance, if there is something you think is worth mentioning in your research paper, write it in the form of a question. This way, you prepare for the next step, which is creating a thesis statement. And if you already decided on a research question, this statement should be able to answer it.
You need a decent thesis statement because it serves as a central element of your writing. Essentially, it allows your readers to understand the purpose of the paper.
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An effective thesis statement should be short but coherent and comprehensive . You need to describe your main arguments and briefly mention the evidence in only a couple of sentences. Typically, it is written at the end of the introduction.
It doesn’t have to be the final version since you can make changes throughout the whole writing process. As you conduct more research, you may find more ideas for the paper. However, even the version you create right now can serve as a guide later. While you’re working on the research paper’s main body, make sure every paragraph supports the thesis statement. It is vital that all of your arguments relate to it.
📑 Step 4. Making a Research Paper Outline
If it’s your first writing assignment of this type, perhaps, parts of a research paper aren’t familiar to you. Below all the categories that should be present in a research paper outline .
- Introduction
✒️ Step 5. Drafting Your Research Paper
Now it’s the time to start writing your paper. We collected several techniques and tricks that will help you write all of the outline components listed above.
Research Paper Title
Many students face this problem: you have a research paper topic and even some written material but don’t know how to title your work. If you don’t develop a good research title, the pages don’t make any sense. What are you creating? Why is this important? The audience will ask many questions. But it is you who actually should ask yourself first.
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Then combine the answers you get into a clear, informative title for a research paper.
Research Paper Abstract
The abstract isn’t a typical section for students who only write essays. So it may be a challenging task. Let’s look at the main characteristics of a good abstract :
Research Paper Introduction
The introduction to a research paper is your first chance to make a great impression on the audience.
For success writing an introduction to a research paper, make it perfect with the help of:
Methods Part of a Research Paper
Some call the methods section of a research paper the core of the writing. Its importance relates to the fact that all the tools of your investigation are listed here.
What can you include in the methodology of a research paper?
Research Paper Results
The results of a research paper show the outcome of your work. To develop an excellent scientific research paper, you should prepare your surveys and investigations so the results will be effortless to formulate.
Here are the main tips on how to do it:
Discussion Section of a Research Paper
To write the discussion section of a research paper, find some points that will state your ideas. You should talk about:
- Explanations
- Limitations
- Future directions
This is a section where self-criticism takes place—you can’t draw a good conclusion if you don’t evaluate your work with all its advantages and flaws. It would help if you also showed in this paragraph whether your research proved the results of other specialists or not.
Research Paper Conclusion
The question of how to end a research paper is an important one. You may think: We’ve already had a results section; why do we need a conclusion ? A conclusion for a research paper doesn’t only show your achievements. The main function of this section is to leave the reader with a final impression. For example, you can invoke in people the desire to be more conscious of nature by sharing the facts about global warming.
Research Paper References
It’s always essential to write a bibliography , noting every article, book, or lecture that helped develop your project. When writing a reference page for a research paper, make sure you’re following the chosen format, such as APA or MLA style. Incorrect formatting can lead to a lower grade and less value to your paper.
The reference section is a challenging part. Each type of source should be written according to its specific rules. If you have any doubts on how to make the references, take a look at our APA and MLA research paper samples in the corresponding section. And the next one contains useful links that will help you format your research paper.
🔤 Step 6. Revising and Formatting Your Research Paper
The format of a research paper varies depending on the college or university you’re writing for. Be careful to follow the instructions your professor gives. You’ll know what length you should make your writing, what style to use for quotations and references, how to make a title page, and so on. No need to worry if something’s difficult to memorize. For instance, you can use an APA title page generator to at least cross this part of the paper off of your to-do list.
If you want to learn more about paper editing and revising, feel free to read this article . We also developed detailed guides on MLA and APA styles. You can use them for your research paper. The examples of how to properly cite books can be downloaded on your computer to use whenever it’s needed:
How to Cite Books in MLA
How to Cite Books in APA
😸 Research Paper Examples
Below you’ll find two research paper examples. The first one is APA, and the second is MLA. Note that the full versions of the texts are downloadable for free!
Example #1: Child Abuse in Low-Income Families in the US (APA)
Child abuse is more prevalent in low-income families when compared to other populations in the United States. The global prevalence of this issue is at 22.3%, and the people living in poverty experience abuse as children more often when compared to others (Levely et al., 2017). Among the effects of child abuse on a person’s wellbeing, there are mental health problems, including trauma and low resilience to suicidal behavior. Additionally, physical health problems, for instance, chronic inflammation, are also associated with child abuse. However, there is no single intervention strategy that would target child abuse mitigation, which was tested and proven effective by multiple studies because this issue requires more research to define the exact causes. This study examines the different causes of child abuse in low-income families in the United States.
Example #2: Business Ethics (MLA)
Business ethics is a rapidly developing and promising academic field. Although some of its forms can be traced back to the earliest trading practiced in prehistoric human society, as a full-fledged discipline, it emerged in the second half of the last century (Wood 627). The discipline’s main objective is to equip entrepreneurs and managers with instruments allowing them to make more responsible decisions. The notion appeared to replace business philosophy in which the “greed is good” mantra dominated till the 1990s (Wood 632). The discipline will be investigated in the context of its relevance and applicability in the modern business. Business ethics is an indispensable academic field and instrument that prompts a company to reach the desired growth without employing morally dubious methods.
✏️ Research Paper FAQ
It could be useful to describe your personal experience in a research paper if you are considered a recognized expert in the field. Otherwise, you shouldn’t do it since the evidence and facts you use to support the arguments need to be strong. Therefore, it would only be wise to use trustworthy and respectable outside sources.
Writing a criminal justice research paper is easy if you follow our step-by-step guidelines. You only need to concentrate on the chosen field of study to pick the topic, and the rest of the process is explained!
Before you start picking up a topic for your research paper, it would be wise to spend an extra minute and reread the requirements. It could help you set the right objectives and prevent any future mistakes if you misunderstood the task.
The basic structure of any paper consists of an introduction, main body, and conclusion. You should always put your thesis statement, which describes your research paper’s main idea, at the end of the first part.
- 15 Steps to Good Research (Georgetown University Library)
- This Is How to Write an Effective Research | Grammarly
- Writing a Research Paper – The Writing Center – UW–Madison
- Research Papers | KU Writing Center
- What Is a Research Paper? – ThoughtCo
- A guide to writing an academic paper – The Washington Post
- How to write a first-class paper – Nature
- Formatting a Research Paper – Writing for Success
- 11 steps to structuring a science paper editors will take seriously
- Scientific Writing Made Easy: A Step‐by‐Step Guide
- Academic Writing Style – Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper
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Purdue Online Writing Lab College of Liberal Arts
Writing a Research Paper
Welcome to the Purdue OWL
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The pages in this section provide detailed information about how to write research papers including discussing research papers as a genre, choosing topics, and finding sources.
The Research Paper
There will come a time in most students' careers when they are assigned a research paper. Such an assignment often creates a great deal of unneeded anxiety in the student, which may result in procrastination and a feeling of confusion and inadequacy. This anxiety frequently stems from the fact that many students are unfamiliar and inexperienced with this genre of writing. Never fear—inexperience and unfamiliarity are situations you can change through practice! Writing a research paper is an essential aspect of academics and should not be avoided on account of one's anxiety. In fact, the process of writing a research paper can be one of the more rewarding experiences one may encounter in academics. What is more, many students will continue to do research throughout their careers, which is one of the reasons this topic is so important.
Becoming an experienced researcher and writer in any field or discipline takes a great deal of practice. There are few individuals for whom this process comes naturally. Remember, even the most seasoned academic veterans have had to learn how to write a research paper at some point in their career. Therefore, with diligence, organization, practice, a willingness to learn (and to make mistakes!), and, perhaps most important of all, patience, students will find that they can achieve great things through their research and writing.
The pages in this section cover the following topic areas related to the process of writing a research paper:
- Genre - This section will provide an overview for understanding the difference between an analytical and argumentative research paper.
- Choosing a Topic - This section will guide the student through the process of choosing topics, whether the topic be one that is assigned or one that the student chooses themselves.
- Identifying an Audience - This section will help the student understand the often times confusing topic of audience by offering some basic guidelines for the process.
- Where Do I Begin - This section concludes the handout by offering several links to resources at Purdue, and also provides an overview of the final stages of writing a research paper.
How to Write a Research Paper
Updated August 24, 2022
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If you’re a college student, you will probably have to write at least one college-level research paper before you graduate. Writing a good research paper can be daunting if you have never done it before. We’re here to help.
This guide walks you through everything you need to do to write an effective, impactful research paper . . . and get the good grade you’re after!
Here are the steps and resources you need to write a strong research paper, as well as a checklist to go over to be sure you wrote a good paper. Research writing can be a challenge, but with a little practice, it can become an important part of your academic and professional toolkit.
The Process
The following steps will help you write a research paper, starting with nothing but an assignment or prompt and ending up with a well-crafted essay. The steps are:
- Step 1: Get familiar with the assignment
- Step 2: Pick a topic
Step 3: Research
- Step 4: Organize research
- Step 5: Form a thesis
- Step 6: Create an outline
Step 7: Write
- Step 8: Edit for content
- Step 9: Edit for grammar
- Step 10: Re-read and submit your paper
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Step 1: Get Familiar with the Assignment
This may sound obvious, but it’s very important to understand what your teacher or professor is asking for before you start writing your research paper. Many students skip this step, and then wonder why they receive a low grade on a paper they worked hard on or were excited about. It’s often because they didn’t read the instructions.
Spend time going over the assignment. Look at everything your instructor has provided you with. Carefully read the writing assignment, prompts, grading rubric, or any other materials you’ve received. It might even be helpful to highlight and take notes on the assignment. Take time to understand exactly what you are being asked to write and how you will be graded on it. And if you aren’t sure, ask! Ask your teacher for clarification before you even pick a topic. That way, you will be sure you are on the right track.
Step 2: Pick a Topic
Once you understand what you’re being asked to write in your research paper, it’s time to decide what to write about. This can be daunting, but don’t get too bent out of shape. It can be very helpful to write about something you’re interested in or passionate about, but don’t worry about choosing the perfect topic. In many cases, a controversial topic can be ideal, so that you can exercise your ability to objectively explain differing positions, and even defend one if the assignment calls for that.
Use the guidelines given by your instructor to help pick your paper topic. If you have a topic that you love, but you’re having trouble fitting it into the guidelines, choose another topic. It will be easier on you in the long run to write about a topic that fits the assignment. It’s important to be engaged in the topic you’re writing about it, but you don’t have to love it. It’s also good to realize that you can use this research writing assignment as an opportunity to learn about something new. You will be somewhat of an expert in the topic by the end of this process, but you don’t have to know everything right now.
And now what you have been waiting for — research! This step is pretty flexible; different people will research for a paper in different ways. However, it’s important to stay focused and move pretty quickly. After all, you still have to write your research paper.
Several key things to remember as you research are: 1) skim, 2) find reliable resources, and 3) don’t ignore information.
First off, skimming. You don’t have to read in-full everything ever written about your topic. In fact, you probably can’t. Get comfortable reading through things quickly. Learn how to identify key points and arguments without getting bogged down and reading every word.
Next, find reliable resources. Although this may run contrary to what you’ve been told, you can use Wikipedia to write a research paper. But, you cannot use that as a final source. You can use general sources like Wikipedia to get familiar with a topic, find keywords that can further drive your research, and quickly understand large amounts of information. But, for the information you use in your paper, you have to find reliable resources.
Take what you have learned from a Google search or Wikipedia article and dig deeper. Check out the sources on the article, use keywords from your internet search to search an academic database, or ask an expert whether or not what you learned is valid and if it is, where you can find a reliable source stating the same thing. So, just to be clear: you can use Wikipedia as a starting point in your research, but you should not cite Wikipedia as one of the primary sources for your research paper.
Finally, don’t ignore information. You can find an article that says anything you want it to say. Did researchers recently discover that octopus DNA is made of alien DNA from outer space? Are the spires on the Cinderella Castle at Disney World removable in case of a hurricane? Did a cook attempt to assassinate George Washington by feeding him poisoned tomatoes? You can find articles testifying that all three of the previous claims are true; however, when you dig deeper, it’s clear that they’re not. Just because you find one article stating that something is true, that does not necessarily mean it is a proven fact that you can use in your research.
Work to understand all of the different viewpoints and schools of thought on your topic. This can be done by reading a variety of articles, reading a book or article that gives an overview of the topic and incorporates different points of view, or talking to an expert who can explain the topic in depth.
Step 4: Organize Your Research
So you have all of this information, now what to do with it? Step four is all about getting organized. Like research, different people have different preferences here. It can also depend on your assignment. Some sort of bibliography (literally “book writing,” this is a list of the books, articles, and other sources you have used in your research) is helpful when it comes to organizing your research.
If your teacher requires you to turn in a bibliography with your research paper (think back to step #1; you ought to already know exactly what the assignment is by now!), create a bibliography that meets the requirements for the paper. If you are just making one just for yourself, think about how you would like to organize your research. It might make sense to bookmark resources on your web browser or make a digital bibliography that allows you to link the resources you found. You might prefer a printed list of your resources or you might want to write down all you have learned that is relevant to your project on notecards or sticky notes and organize your research paper on a table or the floor.
Step 5: Form a Thesis
Now that you understand what you’ve been asked to do, have chosen a topic that fits the assignment, and have researched and organized that research, you’re ready to articulate your own opinion, argument, or assertion. Even if you aren’t arguing for or against anything, your paper needs a thesis. A thesis is a short statement that you — as researcher and author — put forward for the readers of your paper as what you are trying to explain or prove.
A starting point when writing a thesis might be to write a one-sentence answer to the question: what is your paper about? The answer might be something like the following examples:
- My paper explains the relationship between dogs and humans.
- It’s about university policies on freshman living on campus.
- I wrote about views on marriage in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice .
See, that wasn’t so hard. But, what is important to remember, is that this is just a starting point. Many students stop right there, and then don’t understand why their instructor graded them poorly on their thesis statement. A thesis needs to be definitive, and should not be about you. So, you might change the above answers to statements like:
The relationship between dogs and humans goes both ways; not only are dogs man’s best friend, but human interactions have influenced the way that modern dogs’ behavior and anatomy.
Many universities require freshmen students to live on campus for their first year, which keeps students out of trouble, helps students get better grades, and increases their likelihood of staying in school.
In Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, marriage is seen as a number of things, including as a social mobility tool, as a mistake, and as a beneficial partnership .
Can you see the differences between the first set of sentences and the second set of thesis statements? It might take a few tries, but work to eliminate words and phrases like “I think,” or “My paper is about.”
It is also very important not to be too vague. Don’t be afraid to make a strong statement. If you look at the above examples, each of them makes a specific point about the topic. Another key to crafting a strong thesis statement is making sure that your thesis is arguable. That doesn’t mean it’s controversial or particularly opinionated, but it does mean that someone could disagree.
For example, someone might argue that humans haven’t influenced dogs all that much, that requiring freshman students to live on campus isn’t a good thing, or that marriage in Austen’s Pride and Prejudice is all about romance. (Another way to check whether or not your statement is arguable: Is Pride and Prejudice a book? Yes. So the statement, “Pride and Prejudice is a book written by Jane Austen,” doesn’t work as a thesis because no one could disagree. There is no point in writing an entire essay about that obvious fact.) Checking whether or not someone could argue with your thesis statement is a good way to make sure you have written a strong, specific thesis statement that will guide you as you write your paper and earn a good grade for your efforts.
After you have worked to create a specific, arguable, definitive thesis statement, this is another place that it could be helpful to check in with your professor, a writing center tutor, or another trusted educator or mentor. Show them your thesis statement and ask them if they think itis a powerful thesis that you will guide you as you build your essay.
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Step 6: Create an Outline
Like a bibliography, the way that you create your outline may depend on your assignment. If your teacher asked you to turn in an outline, be sure to make an outline that follows the example, guidelines, or requirements you have been given. If you aren’t required to write an outline, it can still be a helpful tool as you build your research paper.
Creating an outline is really about structuring your paper. Don’t be too formulaic, but it can be helpful to follow patterns and guides. In high school you might have written three- or five-paragraph essays, and it’s okay to use those same patterns for a college research paper, but be sure that whatever format you choose makes sense for your paper. If you have two main points in your thesis, three or five main sections might not work for your research paper. If the assignment asks you to introduce a topic, explain different opinions on the topic, and then choose and explain your opinion, then your paper probably needs three main sections, one for each of those objectives.
As you create an outline, think critically about what you are trying to explain or communicate in your research paper and what structure allows you to do that in a clear, organized way. It usually makes sense to have an introduction and conclusion, but what goes between will vary based on the contents of your essay.
The outlining stage of producing your argument is a great time to think about bad forms of argumentation you should avoid. If you aren’t familiar with logical fallacies, take some time to review the most common fallacies ; your grade could depend on it!
And then, finally, it’s time to actually write your paper. You might feel like you should have started writing sooner, but, rest assured: the work you have done up to this point is important. It will help you create a strong, clear, interesting research paper.
As you write, don’t be a perfectionist. Don’t worry about finding the perfect words, using the perfect grammar, or crafting the perfect title. There is time to perfect your research paper as you edit. Right now, you just need to write.
It might be helpful to look over your research before you start writing, but don’t write directly from your research. If you’re looking back and forth between your resources and your paper as you begin writing, it’s easy to copy ideas without really creating your own work. You have done a lot of work already, so trust that and work from memory as you write your research paper. It’s okay to look up a specific quote or statistic, but in general your ideas should be your own at this point.
Working from your own ideas will help you avoid plagiarism. Plagiarism is the uncredited use of someone else’s words or ideas, whether you meant to use them without credit or not. This sounds scary, but it doesn’t have to be. If you follow the steps outlined in this guide, you can be confident that you’ve created your own essay that builds on the ideas, writing, and work of others, without stealing, copying, or plagiarising.
If you quote something word-for-word, you need to cite your source. Use quotation marks and mention the source of the quote. You will also need to include more information about the quote on a Works Cited or References page. If you paraphrase, that is, you don’t use the exact words, but do use someone’s idea, it’s still important to give credit. You don’t need quotation marks here, but it is important to mention where the idea comes from.
If something is a common fact (generally accepted if you can find the fact stated, without credit, in three or more credible sources), you don’t need to mention where the idea comes from. For example, Bill Gates is a billionaire who founded Microsoft. That is a common fact; you can find it stated in numerous trustworthy sources. But if your paper is about the why behind Bill Gates’ wealth, fame, and success, then you’re going to need to credit and cite specific quotes and statistics, as well as theories about why the Microsoft billionaire is so successful.
Step 8: Edit for Content
Now that you’ve got a paper written, take a moment to congratulate yourself. You have done a lot of work to get to this point! And then, get back to work. You still need to edit your paper before it’s ready to turn in. Remember how you weren’t supposed to worry about being perfect? You still don’t need to worry, but it is time to make your paper as perfect as you possibly can.
Start by editing for content. This means thinking about structure, organization, wording, and length. You carefully organized your paper when you created an outline. Now that you have written your paper, does that organization still make sense? If so, great. If not, what do you need to move around? Look carefully at how you’ve worded your sentences. Did you communicate what you meant to get across? Can you make your paper clearer or easier to understand? This is also a good point to think back to Step 1. Does your paper include everything the assignment asked for? If not, where can you include the missing pieces?
If your paper is too long or too short, now is the time to cut it down or build it up to an acceptable length. Don’t just delete your conclusion because your paper is too long. Don’t waste your time playing with the font size and margins to try to make your essay longer. Be careful and thoughtful about these edits. If you need to take something out, what makes sense to cut and how can you re-organize your paper so that it maintains a strong structure? If you need to lengthen your paper, don’t just randomly add words or repeat things you have already said. Think about where you could expand or what you can add that fits in with the rest of your paper, further develops the ideas you are presenting, or adds valuable information to your research paper.
Once you have made all the changes you think necessary, read back through your paper again to be sure it all makes sense. Especially when working on a computer, it is easy to leave or delete a word, sentence, or paragraph that you didn’t mean to. If you are tired of looking at your research paper, give it to a friend, mentor, or teacher and ask them to take a look at your paper and let you know what they think of the content.
Step 9: Edit for Grammar
It is also important to edit for grammar. This might seem daunting, but there are lots of tools and resources that can help. Check out resources like Grammarly or Strunk and White’s Elements of Style if you’re unsure of what to do with commas, semicolons, or run-on sentences.
Like editing for content, editing for grammar might take a few run-throughs. If you need to take a break, that’s fine. It can even help you come back to your paper feeling more focused, which is key to catching and fixing mistakes.
Step 10: Re-read and Submit your Research Paper
Once you’ve finished Steps 1–9, it’s definitely time to take a break. Give your paper a day or two (or an hour or two, if you are running short on time) and give it a final read-through. It can be helpful to print a copy of your paper and read a hard-copy if you have only read through it on a screen thus far. You might notice mistakes or formatting issues that your eyes missed while reading on your computer. Once you have read your research paper for a final time and double checked that your paper does everything the assignment is asking for, it is time to submit.
Be sure to follow any instructions you have been given about turning in your research paper. Also give yourself time to troubleshoot if things go wrong. If you try to print your paper five minutes before class starts, what are you going to do if your printer is out of toner? If you are supposed to submit your paper online at midnight and the wifi is down when you login to submit your assignment at 11:58 PM, even though that is unfortunate, it is still something you could have avoided by logging on with enough time to solve any problems that arise before the deadline. Your teacher will appreciate and respect your preparedness, and it will likely impact your grades positively.
Don’t be afraid to reach out to your instructor for help, but be reasonable and responsible about it. If you log on the day before and see that the place where you are supposed to turn in your assignment is locked or unavailable, send your teacher an email so that they can help you submit your paper before it is due. Just don’t expect them to help you in the middle of the night, on a weekend, or minutes before an assignment is due. Some instructors might, but you are just lucky at that point. If you prepare and give yourself time to turn in an assignment, you don’t have to count on getting lucky about whether or not your professor is sitting at their computer and available to help you at the very moment you email them.
Your Teacher or Professor
When writing a research paper for a teacher or professor, it is important to step back and think about why they asked you to write this essay in the first place. More than likely, they are giving you an opportunity to learn something. Learning often involves trial-and-error, making mistakes, and asking lots of questions. Don’t be afraid to ask a question; in fact, don’t be afraid to ask your instructor lots of questions! However, do remember to be respectful of them, their time, and efforts. It is important to follow any directions that you have been given by your teacher or professor, to take responsibility and not expect them to do your work for you, and to listen to the answers and advice they share with you. Working with your teacher and asking them for help is an often overlooked resource when it comes to writing research papers. Be sure to take advantage of this help; your paper will be all the better for it.
Research Librarians
Another often-overlooked resource is the research librarian. Did you know that, in addition to tons of books and online materials, college and university libraries often have staff whose job it is to help answer your questions? Research librarians specialize in research (it might sound obvious, but take a second to get excited about how much this could help you and your research paper!). These librarians usually specialize in particular fields and subjects, so you can get specific, expert help that pertains to your topic. They can help you search for resources, connect you with experts in the field your researching, or give you suggestions about the direction of your research and writing.
Writing Centers
In addition to research librarians, many college and university libraries often house writing centers. While research librarians can help you more with your research, writing center staff can help you actually write your research paper. You can usually schedule an online or in-person appointment with a tutor or instructor that will help you through any step of the writing process. You might want to visit a writing center early on as you develop the concept for your paper, in the middle as you struggle to think of how to discuss one of your key points, or right before you turn in your paper to be sure it’s in near-perfect shape before it goes to your professor for a grade. Many professors even give you extra credit for taking advantage of writing center services. Win-win!
As mentioned earlier in this guide, you can use Wikipedia for introductory research. But, because Wikipedia articles can be edited by anyone and therefore aren’t 100% credible, your professor will likely frown on citing it as a source for your research paper. So, do not use Wikipedia as a primary source for your research paper. When it comes to writing research papers, the references section of a Wikipedia page is one of your best friends. Just like you should be citing your sources at the end of your research paper, Wikipedia articles link to their primary sources. You can use the list of references to find books, articles, and other material that can help you find reliable, relevant primary sources for use in your research.
Academic Databases
Your instructor may require you to use peer-reviewed academic articles as some or all of the sources for your research paper. As a college student, you probably have access to a number of academic databases that you can use to find scholarly articles. If you are unsure of how to search for articles in an academic database, it’s worth asking your professor or a research librarian to help you learn. This skill will be a useful one to have, and you will be easily finding trustworthy, interesting sources in no time.
OWL at Purdue
This is not a nocturnal bird that lives at a university in Indiana, but rather the Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue University. This online resource offers a number of helpful writing materials, including information on how to cite sources, grammar rules, choosing a topic, and even how to write a research paper. You can search for specific help, or browse resources by category. This free website is a must-visit online resource when writing a college research paper.
Grammarly is like a super-powered spell checker. It’s a free Chrome extension that allows you to edit your writing. You can copy and paste your paper into the Grammarly editor and get spelling and grammar advice that is easy to implement. If you’re looking for additional help or want to use the software without leaving Microsoft Office, check out Grammarly Premium or Grammarly for Microsoft Office. However, it’s important to remember when using this software (or any spelling or grammar checker!) that it is a computer and therefore doesn’t always understand your writing. You need to go over each suggestion made by the software and make sure that it is indeed correcting an error or improving a sentence and not changing something that you meant to say. That being said, Grammarly is great at catching errors and provides easy-to-understand explanations of spelling and grammar suggestions so you can knowledgeably make changes to your research paper.
The Elements of Style — William Strunk Jr. and E.B. White
Style guides may be mostly a thing of the past. You have probably used a spell checker or Googled where to put a comma, but you may never have opened a style guide. However, this book, The Elements of Style, has helpful advice and information about writing. If you are looking for guidance when it comes to editing your paper, picking up a copy of this book may be just what you need. The book consists of different sections, some with specific grammar and writing rules and definitions and others with general writing advice. One rule that is worth knowing, even if you don’t read The Elements of Style is Rule #17: “Omit needless words.” Keep that in mind as you edit your paper; it will help you craft a clear, strong, concise research paper that your teacher will enjoy reading (and even grading!).
Style Guides (MLA, APA, Chicago, etc.)
You might feel like we keep saying this (we do . . . ), but it’s for a good reason: know what your research paper assignment is asking for. That is especially important when it comes to formatting your paper. There are several different formatting styles and each has specific rules and guidelines. The main three are MLA, APA, and Chicago. Your instructor likely gave you instructions on which style to use, and if not you can ask which they prefer. Each style has a different name for the list of sources you attach at the end of your paper, different rules about headers and page numbers, etc. Many teachers will deduct points from your grade if you don’t adhere to the style they have asked you to for your research paper; some teachers may not accept the paper at all. You can find more information about whatever style you are working with in a style guide or from OWL at Purdue.
If you are crafting a paper from scratch, start by reading through the above steps to learn how to write a strong research paper. If you have already written a paper, go over this checklist to ensure that it is ready to turn in.
- Does your paper fulfill all of the requirements that the assignment asked for? (If not, or if you are unsure, look back at Step 1.)
- Did you stick to a topic that fits the assignment? (Reference Step two as you think through topic selection.)
- Are your sources credible, reliable, and logical? (Look at Steps three and four for help reflecting on your research.)
- Do you have a clear, arguable thesis statement? (For help with thesis statements, take a look at Step 5.)
- Is your paper organized in a logical way that is easy to understand? (When thinking about outline and structure, see Step 6.)
- Did you plagiarize? (If you have any doubts, check out Step 7.)
- Did you proofread for content and grammar improvements and errors? (See Steps eight and nine for more information about proofreading and editing.)
- Is your paper properly formatted? (See Step one and check out the resources section for information about being sure your paper is formatted correctly.)
- Are you prepared to submit correctly? (Read Step 10 for a few last pieces of advice before you turn in your research paper.)
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Top 7 Research Paper Writing Tools For Students 2023
Writing a paper is one of the most daunting tasks college students face. It happens not just to undergraduates but to students and professionals. The writer must track grammar accuracy, flow, analysis, and sections. Formatting the perfect research paper takes hours or days. But with the right technology, you will do it faster and more effectively. If you’re struggling with your essay, let us recommend the top 7 apps to simplify the process and ease your burden. They are listed below.
1. Plagiarism Checker by PapersOwl
While juggling countless assignments, it is not an easy task for a student to submit a paper of the highest quality. Creative writing requires lots of skills and imagination. Hence, having a good plagiarism checker is a must-have. The plagiarism checker from PapersOwl is exactly the one to use. It stands out from the rest of the uniqueness checking tools due to several reasons. First of all, it’s completely free. Also, the process of analyzing the papers is fast and precise. The site uses deep search to scan through your texts and provides you with a detailed report. Finally, their top safety measures make sure your data is always taken care of.
Students who have tested the tool also try Papersowl.com for research paper writing services. This is a way to receive professionally written works from academically educated writers. Their help is invaluable when it comes to creating quality assignments.
2. Todoist for Schedule Management
If you live a busy life, try Todoist. The writing tool is the number 1 task manager and to-do list app. It helps you organize your work and life. Filter upcoming tasks for mental clarity and focus on the most vital ones. The app has project templates, and the apps, extensions, and widgets are compatible with various devices and platforms.
Todoist has over 1 million users in over 160 countries and has completed over 2 billion tasks. Integrate it with your Gmail, calendar, and 70 other tools to organize and account for daily tasks. It also has a share function for delegating tasks and allows you to build task views that fit your workflow.
3. Cambridge Rindge and Latin Outline Maker
Cambridge Rindge and Latin Outline Maker will make your analysis fun and less cumbersome. One of the ways to write effectively is to create an outline or a structure. Instead of doing it manually, the tool helps you generate and save outlines. You don’t need to download an application, as everything you need is online on the webpage. Access it on Google Chrome or Firefox, and it is easy to create the structure with the click of a button.
4. Google doc for Writing
Google Docs is a household name among writers, just like Microsoft Word. The online word processor will create and edit text documents in the browser without any special software. Multiple people work at the same time and affect real-time changes. You don’t have to worry about losing a file since it saves automatically on the cloud. The application has an intuitive interface for seamless writing. Some of its features include activity tracking, a customizable template, and various productivity tools.
Google Docs supports a pageless view, and you compose an email within the Docs and send it through secured email to your contacts. It also has checklists for tracking tasks, watermarks for branding, and Google Meet integrations. As a result, it is the perfect word processor to improve productivity.
5. Evernote for Organizing Tasks
Evernote is another student organizational app to take notes and schedule tasks. The task management and note-taking application support PDFs, documents, audio, text, images, and scans. It syncs with all your devices to work from anywhere and brings your tasks together for easy resolution. Unlike most organization tools, use it to create and assign tasks with due dates, flags, and reminders. Users scan documents, connect with calendars and save web pages. Interestingly, there is a free plan for use without paying.
6. Grammarly for Checking Errors
Grammarly is a grammar checker and plagiarism app for polishing your article. The free online writing assistant uses AI-powered suggestions to improve the delivery, clarity, engagement, and correctness in writing. It also has a natural language processing that analyzes written text to understand tone and context. Besides checking for grammar errors, the originality checker compares an article to 16 billion web pages and ProQuest’s academic databases.
Grammarly is a top writing tool for picking errors you missed during manual proofreading. If you’re writing on research topics about technology, it highlights copies and their sources, passages that require citations and gives resources you need to credit your sources. The plagiarism checker is also handy for generating originality reports as proof of excellence. More importantly, it saves time and helps you produce original, well-written, and well-sourced articles.
7. Cite This For Me
Cite This For Me wraps up our list of apps that offer writing assistance. The automated citation machine allows you to turn your sources into references with a click. This automatically prevents plagiarism and turns the time-consuming ordeal of referencing into a simple task. The referencing generator sources information across the web and draws relevant information into a bibliography. It is handy if you don’t know how to reference websites or have a fast-approaching deadline. The machine saves time and has over 1,000 citation styles for a student to choose from. It will create an in-text citation and a full citation that matches the correct format for your bibliography.
Researching and writing does not have to be boring and stressful if you use the right apps. The applications will not only contribute to your performance as a student but will also improve your work and save time. Of course, there are hundreds of writing aids out there. But we have reviewed particular applications for different aspects of writing.
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How to write a 3,000 word essay in a day
by Laura Brown in Study Tips
Updated by Nele van Hout 17 March 2022
So you've left your 3,000 word essay until the last minute? Not ideal, but don't stress. You can make it happen by following our steps.
Credit: Prostock-studio, mialapi, Olga_Shestakova – Shutterstock
We know. You had every intention of getting your essay done before the deadline, but sometimes life can get in the way .
Writing 3,000 words can take anywhere between six and 24 hours depending on the topic but, with our tips, you can easily get it done within a day.
Get your head down and you could meet the deadline, and even produce an essay you are proud of. Best of all, you can even adapt our tips to work just as well for a 2,000 word essay, a 4,000 word essay, or whatever length – all in a day!
Take a deep breath. Remain calm. Here's how to write an essay fast.
How to write an essay quickly
"Fail to prepare? Prepare to fail". We've all had it said to us, whether it be from a lecturer or a well-meaning parent.
If you're reading this guide, we suspect you haven't entirely embraced that mantra – but there are a few things you can do the morning before deadline day that will make your day of frantic essay-writing run smoothly. 3,000 word essay, here we come!
Eat a good breakfast
Fuel your body and mind with a healthy breakfast, like porridge . Its slow-release energy means you won't have a mid-morning slump over your laptop – something you really can't afford right now!
Not into porridge? Don't worry, it's far from the only brain food that'll help you write an essay. Check out our list of the best foods for brain fuel to see what else will get you off to the best start (and keep that flying start going).
Although you might be tempted to mainline coffee into your veins, try to avoid too much caffeine early on . Caffeine is basically the opposite of slow-release energy, and you'll find yourself crashing after a few hours.
Pick your workstation and equipment
Choose a quiet area where you know you won't be disturbed. You'll know whether you work better in the library or at home, but don't choose somewhere you've never been before. You need to be confident that you'll be comfortable and able to focus for as long as possible.
Be organised and come equipped with two pens, a bottle of water, any notes you have and some snacks to use as mini-rewards . These will keep you going without having to take your eyes off the screen (apparently dark chocolate is a great option for concentration!).
Get rid of social media and other distractions
Credit: PIMPAN - Shutterstock
Procrastination is a student's worst enemy (besides a hangover ). Turn off your phone (or place it face down on silent) and resist the urge to check social media.
Don't trust yourself? Temporarily deactivate your accounts or get a friend to change your passwords for 24 hours.
Plan a schedule and set yourself time management goals
Time management is pretty important when you have to write an essay in a day.
Assign yourself chunks of time to reach certain milestones, as this breaks down the big daunting task and provides extra motivation every time you tick off one of the relatively easy mini-tasks.
Let's say it's 9am and your essay is due first thing tomorrow morning. If you're wondering how to write essays faster, here's a feasible 14-hour timeline that you can follow (remember this is just a brief summary of each stage – we go into more detail below ):
- 9am – 9.30am: Choose your essay question and decide on your overall argument
- 9.30am – 11am: Write a plan and outline of your essay (breaking it into mini-essays)
- 11am – 11.45am: Flesh out your introduction
- 11.45am – 1pm: Research quotes and references to back up your arguments
- 1pm – 1.45pm: Lunch break
- 1.45pm – 6pm: Write the body of the essay
- 6pm – 6.45pm: Dinner break
- 6.45pm – 10.30pm: Edit, improve and meet the word count
- 10.30pm – 11pm: Print (if needed) and get everything ready for the morning.
Remember to schedule in a few short 10-minute breaks (one every 45–60 minutes or so should do the trick). Giving your brain a rest is key to keeping your overall productivity levels up, and stretching or doing some brief exercises will also help.
Choosing a question and planning your essay
Choosing an essay question and how to answer it
Time: 9am – 9.30am
If you've been given a choice of essay questions, you should choose the one you have the most knowledge about, or have some strong opinions on.
After all, this isn't the time to learn a new topic from scratch – no matter how much easier the question seems, 24 hours isn't long enough to learn anything in detail.
What's more, questions that seem easy at first glance are often the hardest of all.
The very fact that they're short and worded in a very straightforward way means you're probably expected to construct a much more original and complex essay to respond to it.
Deciding how to answer the question
Next, decide your approach – how are you going to tackle the question? It's your essay and, as long as you keep relating your arguments to the question, you can take it in any direction you choose.
It can be helpful to come up with a quick answer in your head, as this gives you a general idea of what to write about and means you won't need to keep rereading the question.
This will help you understand the question better and avoid you having to keep referring back to it later on (when you should be concentrating on writing the body of your essay).
If you're having difficulty deciding what to write about, try brainstorming around the topic. Write down all the ideas that come to mind and you'll see a theme start to emerge.
Planning your essay
Time: 9.30am – 11am
Once you've decided on your approach to answering the question, you should be able to form a pretty solid plan for the body of the essay.
Write out three to five key points that you want to make in your overall argument, and underneath each one, use bullet points to list all the information, supporting arguments (and, better still, any rebuttals you have to popular counter-arguments) or quotes you already have for each point.
Start with the most obvious or all-encompassing argument , as this will allow you to progressively go into more detail on each of the smaller arguments – one of the keys to a good essay.
Once you've done this, actually writing the essay should just be a case of bulking out each point and filling in the gaps.
This method is perfect for writing against the clock , as you won't find yourself stuck thinking what to write about next, or going off on tangents that you hadn't accounted for when allotting your time.
And yes, we realise we haven't got around to finding quotes and references yet – but stick with us, there's a good reason for this.
How to write an essay introduction quickly
Time: 11am – 11.45am
It might seem a little counter-intuitive to start writing an essay before you've sourced all of your quotes and references, but there's a method to our madness.
Writing all 3,000 words in one go is a pretty depressing thought, so anything you can do to break up the workload is a positive step.
As your intro is unlikely to need many (if any) quotes, it makes sense to get the ball rolling and feel a sense of achievement as soon as you've planned your essay and know where it's going.
This way, when you sit down after lunch to tackle the main body of the essay, you'll have already knocked a couple of hundred words off the word count.
Don't worry too much about making it sound amazing at this point – just get stuck into introducing your argument and telling the reader how you'll support it. You can go back and make yourself sound smarter later on when you're at the editing stage.
Create a mini-outline in your introduction so you signpost exactly what it is you're planning to argue.
And don't use the introduction as a space to throw in random references to things that are vaguely relevant, especially if you're just doing it to hit the minimum number of references required. When in doubt, leave it out.
How to find sources for your essay
Time: 11.45am – 1pm
Now it's time to gather the all-important information and quotes to support your arguments.
It's important to limit the time you spend on this, as it is easy to get distracted when Google presents you with copious amounts of irrelevant information. But you'll find your essay easier to write if you're armed with lots of relevant info, so don't scrimp on it either.
Choose the keywords you're searching for wisely, and copy and paste any key ideas and quotes you find into a separate 'Research' document.
If you're using reference books rather than online resources, give yourself an extra 10 minutes to get anything that looks useful from the library. And, although it sounds obvious, remember to use the index.
Where to look for quotes online
Google Scholar is a great place to find direct quotes without spending time going through endless paragraphs.
Of course, your best bet will be any references that you've picked up in your lecture notes . Even if you haven't noted down the names, take a look through the lecture slides (if your lecturer is kind enough to put them online) and see if they contain any gems.
Go straight to the source and check to see whether the lecturer has published a list of any advised reading on your module's online platform .
While you gather quotes, keep a note of your sources and format them for your bibliography.
Not only will this help you swerve any accusations of plagiarism, but compiling your list of citations as you work saves having to do them all at the end (the last thing you want after writing 3,000 words).
Extra referencing tips
Say you're reading a text by Author A, which includes references to quotes by Authors B, C and D. Rather than referencing the text by Author A, use the quotes from Authors B, C and D and use the bibliography from Author A to find the references to use for B, C and D.
Aside from being how you're supposed to reference anyway, it has the added benefit of adding three sources to your bibliography instead of just the one.
Also, if you're using Microsoft Word (2007 or later) to write your essay, make use of the automatic referencing system .
Simply enter the details of sources as you go along, and it will automatically create a perfect bibliography or works cited page at the end. This tool is amazing and could save you a lot of extra work typing out your references and bibliography.
Writing your essay
Time: 1.45pm – 6pm
You've had your brain-fuelling lunch , and now it's time to get typing. 3,000 words sounds like a lot, and in many ways it is – but with your watertight essay plan under your belt, it should just be a case of expanding on all the points you've already listed.
If you struggle a bit with wording your ideas in an eloquent way, focus first on getting all your content down.
After all, you can refine the wording at the editing stage , and it's much easier to think about style once you've typed up everything you want to say first.
While your essay plan should see you through, there's nothing to say that more ideas won't occur to you as you go along.
Unless they absolutely have to be included, jot them down on a notepad – they could come in handy if you need to make up the word count later.
How to reach the word count
Use the research you gathered earlier to support the key ideas you set out in your outline, but don't ramble for the sake of it. Try to be concise and have faith that the strength of your arguments will take you to around 2,500(ish) words.
Imagine your essay is a bit like a kebab stick: the meat is your essential points and you surround each chunk with vegetables (quotes and remarks) to make the full kebab... God, we can't wait for dinner at 6pm.
If you're struggling to reach the word limit, don't panic .
Pick out a single point in your argument that you feel hasn't been fully built upon, and head back to your research. There will almost certainly be an additional quote or two that you could throw in to make your point even clearer.
Of course, if you're using a lot of quotes from other sources, make sure you paraphrase your main arguments to give the essay your own voice and make it clear which words are yours and which are someone else's. Plagiarism is serious and all your hard work could be completely discounted if you don't cite properly!
Your conclusion shouldn't take too long at all. You're basically just summarising the arguments you've spent the last few hours detailing, and explaining how they all tie together to support your overall response to the question you chose.
Editing your essay to perfection
Credit: Atanas Bezov - Shutterstock
Time: 6.45pm – 10.30pm
We've allowed 3 hours and 45 minutes for editing your essay, which might sound a bit excessive – and, for some of you, it definitely will be.
But, as we touched on earlier, not everyone can get their ideas written down and do it eloquently all in one go. If this is you, then take this time to refine what you've produced and make sure it gets full marks for written communication .
However, if you're blessed with the ability to write immaculately and at speed, you may not need this long to edit your essay. If so, allow yourself a little more time after dinner to finish writing your essay.
However long you're taking, you should still check that your essay flows nicely.
Are your paragraphs linked? Does it all make sense? Do a quick spell check and make sure you have time for potential printer issues (if your uni still requires you to provide a paper copy). We've all been there.
A lot of students overlook the importance of spelling and grammar. It differs from uni to uni, subject to subject and tutor to tutor, but generally your writing style, spelling and grammar can account for up to 10% – 20% of your grade . Make sure you edit carefully!
Finally, ensure that all the points you wanted to explore are on paper (or screen) and explained fully. Are all of your facts correct? Make things wordier (or more concise, depending on your circumstance) in order to hit your word limit.
Time to get started
While starting essays a day before the deadline is far from recommended and unlikely to get you the best grades , this guide should at least prevent tears in the library (been there) and the need for any extensions.
Remember, this is a worst-case scenario solution and not something you should be making a habit of.
Now, why are you still reading? We all know you've got work to do. Go get 'em.
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This is genuinely brilliant I have been in this situation a few times and this is exactly the best process I wish I had seen this as an undergraduate. I think actual writing time is a bit optimistic in truth it would be an all-nighter and I have always worked better with less food. A belly full of porridge would send me back to bed but I'm a hefty bloke and missing a meal wont kill me.
Anyway, back to the dissertation, 14000 words to go, still have 5 weeks though.
me reading this, is me procrastinating my assignment that was due 3 days
Jake Alexander Murray
This is one excellent article! I've referred back to this specific website (article) over for the past 2 years and it works wonderfully! Thank you for updating it!
For one of my finals, we actually have to write a 3500 words essay in 24 hours... We will get the topic at 10am on a Tuesday, and have to hand it back at 10am the day after... so, it's not a bug, it's a feature
some great tips
Here goes nothing! 3000 words in a day (and maybe handing it in a day late if I cant finish in time and copping the 5% deduction).
This is bullshit. I have a 10,000 word essay due tomorrow. I fucked up by leaving it to the last minute, but the time required to research the content spans a couple of weeks.
I am a medical student, and I have to write an essay about cancer. God knows how I even got into medical school.
Literally a God send! Just written out my plan for my essay on the political implications of the Italian Renaissance- Really don't want to start but I have a plan now and feel more motivated. Kind of.
Jake Butler
You can do it!!!
But I have only 6hours left to complete my essay, and it must be a very long one. What should I do? I got the outline, but seems not provide plenty information to write. God...I'm panic, procrastinated and stressed. ;|
Honestly, I can't get anything done without the thought that it needs to be in!
Did most essays last year within the last week and passed with flying colours... The one I took my time over and worked on for over a month I had to re-submit because I failed first time.
With the flood in Cumbria this year it's been easier to stretch myself out a little rather than drag myself through 16 hour periods of writing each day as we were given extentions. Hopefully, these ones will be graded even higher because although there's still pressure, I am able to re-write them in a more academic style (yay thesaurus!!!)
I'm doing this now. I'm so scared I wanna cry.
Doing this right now have 1 more week to do 10000 words. Done most of the prep, with kids, work etc...goodness knows how it's going to get done...but it will. Hard part will be editing
deadline in a couple days, going to bash it out tomorrow using this, fingers crossed it works!!
16,000 words 6 days. 3 night shifts. Urgh. Thanks for this though!
Will use this guide twice until friday! then no lectures till 21st, Challenge accepted!
I thrive on pressure and find it easier to write and concentrate within the last 24hrs before submission. Remember " Anything is Possible"! You can do it. MSc essay completed within 2 days fully researched and handed in with 10 minutes to go. Received a Merit grade! Push yourself!
could have started earlier and got a distinction* / 1st class
Doing this right now... the feeling of freedom once you've finished the essay though... and then instantly forgetting half the stuff you wrote about!
I do that all the time LOL
Yes this guide is Awesome! thanks.
scribbledoutname
Oh, and thanks, this is really helpful >:)
Challenge accepted.
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Psat study guide
Here are the seven Best PSAT Math Study Guides guaranteed to give you the knowledge and confidence you need to sit for your PSAT: 1. PSAT Math for Beginners: The …The PSAT/NMSQT is a standardized test that 11th graders (and some 10th graders) take in October. Like the SAT, it measures the knowledge and skills in reading, writing, and math students learn in the classroom—the same knowledge and skills your child needs to succeed in college and career. Fast Facts PSAT Overview The PSAT/SAT is indeed a difficult examination, and as such, it was required that media be chosen by which intellectual ability could be measured. In the case of the PSAT/SAT, math, reading, and writing were the selected media. While there is an ongoing, low-profile controversy about whether or not this test truly measure's your virginia marriage officiant requirements The five steps below outline how to study for the PSAT/NMSQT math exam. Only review the concepts required to pass the exam. Choose a PSAT/NMSQT math study guide that covers …Explore our list of PSAT, SAT I, & SAT II Study Guides and Prep Books at Barnes & Noble®. Receive FREE shipping with your Barnes & Noble Membership.Here are the seven Best PSAT Math Study Guides guaranteed to give you the knowledge and confidence you need to sit for your PSAT : 1. PSAT Math for Beginners: The. average 400m time for 10 year old female samsung knox disable factory reset 1950s female movie stars The PSAT/NMSQT is a standardized test that 11th graders (and some 10th graders) take in October. Like the SAT, it measures the knowledge and skills in reading, writing, and math students learn in the classroom—the same knowledge and skills your child needs to succeed in college and career. Fast Facts assembly language projects for beginners PSAT/NMSQT Study Guide prepares high school students for the latest format of the PSAT, an exam that serves both as the preliminary version of the SAT college entrance exam and the qualifying exam for the National Merit Scholarship competition.This brand new book includes:A diagnostic test with answers and explanations to help test takers pinpoint areas that need …Using Virtual Classrooms 14. Troubleshooting Issues with Google Classroom Import. Archive Classroom & Duplicate Classroom. A Quick Start Guide to Study.com Classrooms for Teachers.Exponents and Radicals. We often turn to our calculators to solve difficult radical and exponent problems, especially in math-intensive classes. However, being too calculator dependent can cost you time and points on the PSAT. Further, on the PSAT, many radical and exponent problems are structured in such a way that your calculator can’t help ...This book from the tutoring specialists at Kaplan is an excellent option for PSAT prep for various reasons. First, it has an in-depth review of the material ... how to get nike employee store pass 2022 PSAT 8/9 Study Guide & Test Prep. Preliminary Scholastic Aptitude Test for 8th and 9th Graders Prepare for your PSAT 8/9 entrance exam with our online course, practice test prep, flashcards, and video lessons. 4 Sample Tests - 900 QuestionsHere are the seven Best PSAT Math Study Guides guaranteed to give you the knowledge and confidence you need to sit for your PSAT : 1. PSAT Math for Beginners: The. average 400m time for 10 year old female samsung knox disable factory reset When you take the PSAT 8/9 and sign the answer sheet, you acknowledge that you understand how your scores and personal information will be used. Some schools, districts, and states … convert crossbow to shoot ball bearings Well, we'll give you an idea of what you should be able to do right here in our free study guides for the SAT exam. Our study guides break down the skills and the process so you can make the most of prep time, and move on to a great testing experience! Start here Select a Study Guide to begin Essay 1 Page Start Math: Additional Topics 2 Pages StartThe PSAT 8/9 measures the knowledge and skills you have developed in reading, writing and language, and math. Review the information in this guide, including the sample questions and …PSAT Overview The PSAT/SAT is indeed a difficult examination, and as such, it was required that media be chosen by which intellectual ability could be measured. In the case of the PSAT/SAT, math, reading, and writing were the selected media. While there is an ongoing, low-profile controversy about whether or not this test truly measure’s yourFree PSAT Study Guide The PSAT is coming this fall! Enter your email below and we'll send you our free testing guide. To learn more about the college admissions process, as well as our test prep courses, browse our website. If you have any questions or would like to discuss your student's testing plan, call or email us anytime! what is leah ashes roblox username Math is 760 out the total 1520 points, which means it comprises 50% of the sections on the PSAT, making it an essential subject to review before the test. In this study guide, we will go over the logistics of the two math sections, strategies to improve accuracy and speed, and review important content to help you ace the math section. 💪🏾Use these downloadable PSAT practice tests and a tutor to help you. Use the guide, Ivy Global, and McGraw Hill pdfs to help you practice, but not for accurate predictions of your scores. Use the College Board pdfs for more authentic preparation for the official assessment. Need Help? Get your personalized success plan today. what grocery stores give aarp discounts How many hours should you study for the PSAT? Depending on how well you already know the material, you should study anywhere between 2-20 hours should be enough. If you have to learn new material, the hours you spend studying will increase greatly, but if you’re just reviewing material you already know, about 10 hours should be fine.Woldoff. SAT for Dummies, 1,001 Practice Questions. 978-1-119-21584-4Mometrix. PSAT Prep 2019 2020 Secrets Study Guide. 978-1-5167-1073-7Green, Wolf, Stewart. Barron`s SAT, 29th ed. 978-1-4380-0998-8 - inc 7 full-length practice tests - not sure if the 2 on-lines are still usableAll are in excellent condition - almost like new. The PSAT Prep has some highlighting in the up-front … mesquite funeral home Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Abandon, Abase, ... PSAT study guide ... one who opposes the practice of slavery. Abortive.You are here. Books & Magazines; Textbooks, Educational & Reference Books; Study Guides & Test Prep; See more PSAT Exam Secrets Study Guide : PSAT Test Revi... Mar 20, 2020 · The Most Comprehensive Math Study Guide for the PSAT Math Test! PSAT Math Test Prep The Ultimate Guide to PSAT Math + 2 Full-Length Practice Tests $ 22.99 $ 14 .99 Rated 4.16 out of 5 based on customer ratings PSAT Math Exercises Fractions and Decimals Simplifying Fractions Adding Mixed Numbers Dividing Mixed Numbers Comparing Decimals Here are the seven Best PSAT Math Study Guides guaranteed to give you the knowledge and confidence you need to sit for your PSAT: 1. PSAT Math for Beginners: The Ultimate Step by Step Guide to Preparing for the PSAT Math Test. As an up-to-date study guide, PSAT Math for Beginners consists of the 2020 test guidelines for PSATs. burmester surround sound system vs harman kardon Mometrix Test Preparation's PSAT Prep Book 2022 and 2023 - Secrets Study Guide is the ideal prep solution for anyone who wants to succeed on their National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test (NMSQT) Preliminary SAT Test. The exam is extremely challenging, and thorough test preparation is essential for success. Our study guide includes:PSAT Overview The PSAT/SAT is indeed a difficult examination, and as such, it was required that media be chosen by which intellectual ability could be measured. In the case of the PSAT/SAT, math, reading, and writing were the selected media. While there is an ongoing, low-profile controversy about whether or not this test truly measure’s your car scanner mod apk Page 1 Reading Study Guide for the PSAT/NMSQT Exam General Information The PSAT/NMSQT exam Reading Test includes five passages and questions about them. One passage will be from literature and there will be two each from history/social science and science.2. The Princeton Review PSAT/NMSQT. This Princeton Review PSAT prep book is pretty hefty, with nearly double the number of pages of Barron's PSAT NMSQT, but it isn't as effective for getting a high score on the exam. This PSAT prep book features 2 practice tests, but the questions are of mixed difficulty. Some practice questions are easier ...The Official SAT or Study Guide (the “blue book”). · The 8 SAT Practice Tests on the College Board Site or the practice PSAT on the site. · One other text.Step 1: Decide the order you'll study TEAS. Map out what to study for the TEAS exam and select quality TEAS test study guides. Step 2: Create a study calendar. I recommend at least 3 to 4 months for total study time. Group your subjects so that you can dive deep. Give yourself plenty of time for review.When you take the PSAT 8/9 and sign the answer sheet, you acknowledge that you understand how your scores and personal information will be used. Some schools, districts, and states receive PSAT 8/9 scores with other information about their students. The College Board does not share your PSAT 8/9 test results with third parties. gpose hide weapon 866-630-9305 (U.S.), +1-212-520-8570 (International) The PSAT 8/9 The PSAT 8/9 is the first test in the SAT Suite of Assessments. Like all of the tests in the SAT suite, it helps students and teachers “check in” on students’ progress and pinpoint areas for focused practice. Contact Us Email: [email protected] windows 10 pro upgrade cost uk No matter how old you are, there’s always room for improvement when it comes to studying. Whether you’re taking the biggest exam of your life or you know your teacher or professor is going to give a pThe PSAT 8/9 tests your child's reading, writing, and math skills. The questions on the PSAT 8/9 are grade-appropriate for eighth and ninth graders. PSAT 8/9 scores aren't sent to colleges. Schools can choose a date between September and April to administer the PSAT 8/9. See possible PSAT 8/9 testing dates. creatures of sonaria tier list pvp Our Updated PSAT Exam Study Guide PDF are Simple with New PSAT Questions: Our PSAT study guide pdf and online testing engine are of the greatest, certified by our experts. They check for new updates and overhaul the Test Prep PSAT pdf dumps consistently to guarantee that our clients stay ahead with refreshed information.Here are the seven Best PSAT Math Study Guides guaranteed to give you the knowledge and confidence you need to sit for your PSAT: 1. PSAT Math for Beginners: The Ultimate Step by Step Guide to Preparing for the PSAT Math Test. As an up-to-date study guide, PSAT Math for Beginners consists of the 2020 test guidelines for PSATs.Chesterfield County Online School Payments (OSP) portal is a service provided to parents to facilitate payment for school fees for a variety of products and ...PSAT 8/9 Study Guide & Test Prep. Preliminary Scholastic Aptitude Test for 8th and 9th Graders Prepare for your PSAT 8/9 entrance exam with our online course, practice test prep, flashcards, and video lessons. 4 Sample Tests - 900 Questions aa flight status "EXAMBUSTERS PSAT Prep Workbooks" provide comprehensive, fundamental PSAT review--one fact at a time--to prepare students to take practice PSAT tests. Each PSAT study guide focuses on one specific subject area covered on the PSAT exam. From 300 to 600 questions and answers, each volume in the...PSAT Overview The PSAT/SAT is indeed a difficult examination, and as such, it was required that media be chosen by which intellectual ability could be measured. In the case of the PSAT/SAT, math, reading, and writing were the selected media. While there is an ongoing, low-profile controversy about whether or not this test truly measure’s yournmsc uses the psat/nmsqt as an initial screen of the large number of entrants to the program. A particular year’s test is the entry vehicle for a specific year’s competition. For example, the 2021 psat/nmsqt was used for entry to the 2023 National Merit Program. Most 2023 program participants will enter college in the fall of 2023. yahoo email disappeared One of the scholarships available to you via the Student Search Service is the National Merit Scholarship. The National Merit Scholarship Corporation uses the PSAT as an initial screening for this award. Hence, the PSAT is the National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test (NMSQT). It's a tough one to earn as you'll need to score in the upper 95th ...How many hours should you study for the PSAT? Depending on how well you already know the material, you should study anywhere between 2-20 hours should be enough. If you have to learn new material, the hours you spend studying will increase greatly, but if you’re just reviewing material you already know, about 10 hours should be fine. bayside psychology reviews KAPLAN'S FREE PSAT STUDY PLAN. Our experts have built a study plan to help you prepare for the PSAT. From test info to tips and strategies, we've got you covered with every study resource. Get The Study Plan. Need Help? Call 1-800-KAP-TEST or email [email protected] trail edition 4runner Step-by-Step PSAT Study Guide Create an efficient study plan by following these steps: Know Your Goal Define your goal for the PSAT. If you are trying to get a scholarship, then write that down and post it somewhere to remind yourself of that goal. This will motivate you. Take a PSAT Practice Test PSAT 8/9 Full Study Guide: Complete Subject Review with Online Video Lessons, 4 Full Practice Tests Book + Online, 900 Realistic Questions, ...Accepted, Inc.'s PSAT study guide provides the information, insider tips, and confidence you need to score high on the PSAT. Our PSAT guide provides a comprehensive, easy-to-understand review of all tested concepts, with over 300 example questions covering each and every section of the PSAT exam. Accepted, Inc.'s PSAT guide includes TWO full ...We provide the exact tutoring and practice tests you need to ace the PSAT/NMSQT Math test. Start Course Integers 1 Adding and Subtracting Integers 2 Multiplying and Dividing Integers 3 Order of Operations 4 Evaluation 5 Absolute Value Fractions 6 Factors and Primes 7 Prime Factorization 8 Multiples and Least Common Multiple 9 Greatest Common Factor list of cars that use d3s bulbs Oct 03, 2021 · As an up-to-date study guide, PSAT Math for Beginners consists of the 2020 test guidelines for PSATs. These guidelines can help you learn the most effective methods and strategies to prepare well for your test. Also, you will learn how to boost your confidence, improve your math skills and overcome any exam anxiety that you may have. Explore the detailed PSAT Study Guide that provides everything about PSAT- why, who, when, how along with test structure, sections, sample questions, preparing and more.Sep 01, 2017 · Below are the five major steps you'll need to take in order to get the most out of your PSAT test prep. Step 1: Learn the PSAT Format The easiest and most fundamental way to prepare for the PSAT is to learn the format of the test. This is a great place to start, even for those who aren’t intending to aim for National Merit. Subreddit for discussing the PSAT/NMSQT® and National Merit® Scholarship Program. Test prep resources, released exams, helpful guides, and more. Students, parents, tutors, and all others welcome! Not affiliated with the College Board. Created Dec 28, 2011. what is iamsanna roblox account KAPLAN'S FREE PSAT STUDY GUIDE Our math, reading, writing, and language lessons are available for free so you can raise your score. Use our guide—composed by experts—to develop your personalized study plan. Get The Guide FEATURED ARTICLE WHAT'S TESTED ON THE PSAT?General Information. The PSAT/NMSQT exam Reading Test includes five passages and questions about them. One passage will be from literature and there will be two each from history/social science and science. In addition, one of these passages will actually be two passages with questions asking you to compare and contrast the elements of each. 18 9x movie download 2022 Step-by-Step PSAT Study Guide Create an efficient study plan by following these steps: Know Your Goal Define your goal for the PSAT. If you are trying to get a scholarship, then write that down and post it somewhere to remind yourself of that goal. This will motivate you. Take a PSAT Practice Test2020. 7. 7. ... PSAT/NMSQT Study Guide prepares high school students for the latest format of the PSAT, an exam that serves both as the preliminary version ... bmw carplay unable to establish connection Explore our list of PSAT, SAT I, & SAT II Study Guides and Prep Books at Barnes & Noble®. Receive FREE shipping with your Barnes & Noble Membership.PSAT Study Guide. Preparing for the PSAT is an important step on a student's academic journey. Use our PSAT study guide below to prepare for this exam. 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Here is some of what is included in the bonus: Chesterfield County Online School Payments (OSP) portal is a service provided to parents to facilitate payment for school fees for a variety of products and ... stages of lymphedema in legs OBJECTIVES: A er completing this chapter, you will be able to . . . • Discuss the powers and duties of the sewage enforcement officer (SEO). • Identify the three major responsiblities of the SEO as de- scribed in the Sewage Facilities Act (Act 537). • Understand and describe the SEO’s role in the four stages of the permit process.OBJECTIVES: A er completing this chapter, you will be able to . . . • Discuss the powers and duties of the sewage enforcement officer (SEO). • Identify the three major responsiblities of the SEO as de- scribed in the Sewage Facilities Act (Act 537). • Understand and describe the SEO’s role in the four stages of the permit process.The PSAT is a two-hour, 45-minute test that assesses your reading, writing, and arithmetic skills. Unlike the SAT, the PSAT allows for a maximum score of 1520. PSAT Exams The PSAT/NMSQT stands for Preliminary SAT/National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test. Here are the three types of PSAT exams: PSAT 8/9 arma 3 mods 2022 PSAT/NMST ANSWER EPLANATIONS READING 6 being offered, not that those rewards were being resisted, awaited, or avoided. Question 13 Choice D is the best answer. Lines 56-59 state that “according to one study of the world’s democratic electoral systems, Brunei may be the only country where ‘electoral politics has failed to put downBuild the confidence and skills you need to reach your college dreams – on your schedule and budget. Our online test preparation courses for the SAT, ACT, PSAT/NMSQT, and AP exams are just like the real thing — so that the real thing feels as easy as practice. over two million students trust UWorld for their high-stakes exam prep.Proper study habits and preparation are the keys to cutting out exam fear. Avoid last-minute "cramming" for exams and actively listen while in class. Know when the tests are coming up and prepare in advance; do not study all night or otherwise procrastinate. Keep your mind and body healthy by getting enough sleep, eating well and exercising.Find out what you need to know about ACCUPLACER test day including how to make an appointment to take the test and what to bring to the test center. sti rod bolt torque The PSAT 8/9 measures the knowledge and skills you have developed in reading, writing and language, and math. Review the information in this guide, including the sample questions and …Short for “preliminary SAT,” the PSAT is an abbreviated version of the infamous SAT. It is typically given on the second or third Wednesday of October. There is usually an alternate date the ...Short for “preliminary SAT,” the PSAT is an abbreviated version of the infamous SAT. It is typically given on the second or third Wednesday of October. 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Aug 27, 2022 · The SAT Suite of Assessments is an integrated system of tests including the SAT, PSAT/NMSQT, PSAT 10, and PSAT 8/9. Content Alignment ... bosch socket set india Free PSAT Math Prep Lessons – Kaplan Test Prep Lesson 1: PSAT Equations and Word Problems Math Strategies and Linear Equations Applying the same basic steps to every PSAT math question—whether it asks you about geometry, algebra, or even trigonometry—will help you avoid minor mistakes as well as choosing the wrong answer. Read More The Perfect PSAT Study Guide For Last Minute Studying On October 11th and 14th many of you will be taking the practice SAT. For many of you it will be required by your school whether or not you plan on taking either the SAT or ACT. melodic house free download The five steps below outline how to study for the PSAT/NMSQT math exam. Only review the concepts required to pass the exam. Choose a PSAT/NMSQT math study guide that covers …After all, studying for the PSAT/NMSQT exam is not the only thing on your “To Do” list, right? Start here. Select a Study Guide ...PSAT is considered as an entry test for the National Merit Scholarship Program. More than 3 million students take PSAT every year. Students from 10 th and 11 th grades can take the test to become eligible for National Merit Scholarship. It’s a quick overview of PSAT 2022. Now, let’s talk about PSAT 10 and PSAT 8/9.Here are the seven Best PSAT Math Study Guides guaranteed to give you the knowledge and confidence you need to sit for your PSAT: 1. PSAT Math for Beginners: The Ultimate Step by Step Guide to Preparing for the PSAT Math Test. As an up-to-date study guide, PSAT Math for Beginners consists of the 2020 test guidelines for PSATs. proxmox reverse proxy traefik The test measures a student's skills in two core areas: Evidence-Based Reading and Writing and Math, and is composed of three sections—Reading, Writing, and Math. Total testing time is 2 …Hone your critical reading, get your mathematical concepts into focus, and keep your study plan in tip top shape with the Best PSAT Study Guides. Table of Contents 1. McGraw-Hill Education PSAT/NMSQT (Mcgraw-hill Education PSAT/NMSQT) [Paperback] 2. The Princeton Review 550+ PSAT Practice Questions (Princeton Review) (2nd) [Paperback] 3. worst pop punk bands This video goes through p. 785 in your practice test book and explains each question2018. 10. 1. ... Don't forget to take a practice test at the one-week mark.Your child’s total score can range from 320–1520. Her score for each of the two sections can range from 160–760, and her score for each of the three individual tests can range from 8–38. The PSAT score report will tell you into which percentiles your child’s total score, section scores, and test scores fall. quantum mechanics in chemistry pdf The PSAT measures math and evidence-based reading and writing. Each section is given a score of 160 to 760, with a total possible score between 320 and 1520 (prior to 2015, there were three sections with each scoring 20-80). Math makes up half the total score, and reading and writing make up the other half.Here are the seven Best PSAT Math Study Guides guaranteed to give you the knowledge and confidence you need to sit for your PSAT: 1. PSAT Math for Beginners: The Ultimate Step by Step Guide to Preparing for the PSAT Math Test. 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We find that, just as a large transformer model trained on language can generate coherent text, the same exact model trained on pixel sequences can generate coherent image completions and samples . By establishing a correlation between sample quality and image classification accuracy, we show that our best generative model also contains features competitive with top convolutional nets in the unsupervised setting.
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Jump to chapters, introduction, from language gpt to image gpt, towards general unsupervised learning, experimental results, limitations.
Unsupervised and self-supervised learning, [^reference-1] or learning without human-labeled data, is a longstanding challenge of machine learning. Recently, it has seen incredible success in language, as transformer [^reference-2] models like BERT, [^reference-3] GPT-2, [^reference-4] RoBERTa, [^reference-5] T5, [^reference-6] and other variants [^reference-7] [^reference-8] [^reference-9] [^reference-10] have achieved top performance on a wide array of language tasks. However, the same broad class of models has not been successful in producing strong features for image classification. [^reference-11] Our work aims to understand and bridge this gap.
Transformer models like BERT and GPT-2 are domain agnostic, meaning that they can be directly applied to 1-D sequences of any form. When we train GPT-2 on images unrolled into long sequences of pixels, which we call iGPT, we find that the model appears to understand 2-D image characteristics such as object appearance and category. This is evidenced by the diverse range of coherent image samples it generates, even without the guidance of human provided labels. As further proof, features from the model achieve state-of-the-art performance on a number of classification datasets and near state-of-the-art unsupervised accuracy [^footnote-accuracy] on ImageNet.
- We only show ImageNet linear probe accuracy for iGPT-XL since other experiments did not finish before we needed to transition to different supercomputing facilities.
- Bit-L, trained on JFT (300M images with 18K classes), achieved a result of 99.3 .
To highlight the potential of generative [^reference-17] [^reference-18] sequence modeling [^reference-19] [^reference-20] [^reference-21] [^reference-22] as a general purpose unsupervised learning algorithm, we deliberately use the same transformer architecture as GPT-2 in language. As a consequence, we require significantly more compute in order to produce features competitive with those from top unsupervised convolutional nets. [^reference-13] [^reference-23] [^reference-24] [^reference-25] [^reference-12] However, our results suggest that when faced with a new domain where the correct model priors are unknown, a large GPT-2 can learn excellent features without the need for domain-specific [^reference-26] [^reference-27] [^reference-28] architectural design choices.
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Model-generated completions of human-provided half-images. We sample the remaining halves with temperature 1 and without tricks like beam search or nucleus sampling. While we showcase our favorite completions in the first panel, we do not cherry-pick images or completions in all following panels.
Model-generated image samples. We sample these images with temperature 1 and without tricks like beam search or nucleus sampling. All of our samples are shown, with no cherry-picking. Nearly all generated images contain clearly recognizable objects.
In language, unsupervised learning algorithms that rely on word prediction (like GPT-2 and BERT) have been extremely successful, achieving top performance on a wide array of language tasks. One possible reason for this success is that instances of downstream language tasks appear naturally in text: questions are often followed by answers (which could help with question-answering) and passages are often followed by summaries (which could help with summarization). In contrast, sequences of pixels do not clearly contain labels for the images they belong to.
Even without this explicit supervision, there is still a reason why GPT-2 on images might work: a sufficiently large transformer trained on next pixel prediction might eventually learn to generate diverse [^footnote-diverse] samples with clearly recognizable objects. Once it learns to do so, an idea known as “Analysis by Synthesis” [^reference-29] [^reference-30] [^footnote-transformer] suggests that the model will also know about object categories. Many early generative models [^reference-31] [^reference-32] [^reference-33] [^reference-34] [^reference-35] [^reference-36] were motivated by this idea, and more recently, BigBiGAN [^reference-37] was an example which produced encouraging samples and features. In our work, we first show that better generative models achieve stronger classification performance. Then, through optimizing GPT-2 for generative capabilities, we achieve top-level classification performance in many settings, providing further evidence for analysis by synthesis.
Generative sequence modeling is a universal unsupervised learning algorithm: since all data types can be represented as sequences of bytes, a transformer can be directly applied to any data type without additional engineering. Our work tests the power of this generality by directly applying the architecture used to train GPT-2 on natural language to image generation. We deliberately chose to forgo hand coding any image specific knowledge in the form of convolutions [^reference-38] or techniques like relative attention, [^reference-39] sparse attention, [^reference-40] and 2-D position embeddings. [^reference-27]
As a consequence of its generality, our method requires significantly more compute to achieve competitive performance in the unsupervised setting. Indeed, contrastive methods [^reference-41] [^reference-42] [^reference-43] [^reference-44] [^reference-45] [^reference-13] [^reference-23] [^reference-24] [^reference-25] [^reference-12] are still the most computationally efficient methods for producing high quality features from images. However, in showing that an unsupervised transformer model is competitive with the best unsupervised convolutional nets, [^reference-24] [^reference-25] [^reference-12] we provide evidence that it is possible to trade off hand coded domain knowledge for compute. In new domains, [^reference-46] [^reference-47] where there isn’t much knowledge to hand code, scaling compute seems an appropriate technique to test.
We train iGPT-S, iGPT-M, and iGPT-L, transformers containing 76M, 455M, and 1.4B parameters respectively, on ImageNet. We also train iGPT-XL [^footnote-igptxl] , a 6.8 billion parameter transformer, on a mix of ImageNet and images from the web. Due to the large computational cost of modeling long sequences with dense attention, we train at the low resolutions of 32x32, 48x48, and 64x64.
While it is tempting to work at even lower resolutions to further reduce compute cost, prior work has demonstrated that human performance on image classification begins to drop rapidly below these sizes. [^reference-48] Instead, motivated by early color display palettes, [^reference-49] we create our own 9-bit color palette to represent pixels. Using this palette yields an input sequence length 3 times shorter than the standard (R, G, B) palette, while still encoding color faithfully.
There are two methods we use to assess model performance, both of which involve a downstream classification task. The first, which we refer to as a linear probe, uses the trained model to extract features [^footnote-features] from the images in the downstream dataset, and then fits a logistic regression to the labels. The second method fine-tunes [^footnote-fine-tune] the entire model on the downstream dataset.
Since next pixel prediction is not obviously relevant to image classification, features from the final layer may not be the most predictive of the object category. Our first result shows that feature quality is a sharply increasing, then mildly decreasing function of depth. This behavior suggests that a transformer generative model operates in two phases: in the first phase, each position gathers information from its surrounding context in order to build a contextualized image feature. In the second phase, this contextualized feature is used to solve the conditional next pixel prediction task. The observed two stage performance of our linear probes is reminiscent of another unsupervised neural net, the bottleneck autoencoder, which is manually designed so that features in the middle are used.
Our next result establishes the link between generative performance and feature quality. We find that both increasing the scale of our models and training for more iterations result in better generative performance, which directly translates into better feature quality.
When we evaluate our features using linear probes on CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, and STL-10, we outperform features from all supervised and unsupervised transfer algorithms. Our results are also compelling in the full fine-tuning setting.
A comparison of linear probe and fine-tune accuracies between our models and top performing models which utilize either unsupervised or supervised ImageNet transfer. We also include AutoAugment, the best performing model trained end-to-end on CIFAR.
Given the resurgence of interest in unsupervised and self-supervised learning on ImageNet, we also evaluate the performance of our models using linear probes on ImageNet. This is an especially difficult setting, as we do not train at the standard ImageNet input resolution. Nevertheless, a linear probe on the 1536 features from the best layer of iGPT-L trained on 48x48 images yields 65.2% top-1 accuracy, outperforming AlexNet.
Contrastive methods typically report their best results on 8192 features, so we would ideally evaluate iGPT with an embedding dimension of 8192 for comparison. However, training such a model is prohibitively expensive, so we instead concatenate features from multiple layers as an approximation. Unfortunately, our features tend to be correlated across layers, so we need more of them to be competitive. Taking 15360 features from 5 layers in iGPT-XL yields 72.0% top-1 accuracy, outperforming AMDIM, MoCo, and CPC v2, but still underperforming SimCLR by a decent margin.
Because masked language models like BERT have outperformed generative models on most language tasks, we also evaluate the performance of BERT on our image models. Instead of training our model to predict the next pixel given all preceding pixels, we mask out 15% of the pixels and train our model to predict them from the unmasked ones. We find that though linear probe performance on BERT models is significantly worse, they excel during fine-tuning:
Comparison of generative pre-training with BERT pre-training using iGPT-L at an input resolution of 32 2 × 3. Bold colors show the performance boost from ensembling BERT masks. We see that generative models produce much better features than BERT models after pre-training, but BERT models catch up after fine-tuning.
While unsupervised learning promises excellent features without the need for human-labeled data, significant recent progress has been made under the more forgiving framework of semi-supervised learning, which allows for limited amounts of human-labeled data. Successful semi-supervised methods often rely on clever techniques such as consistency regularization, data augmentation, or pseudo-labeling, and purely generative-based approaches [^reference-54] [^reference-55] have not been competitive for years. We evaluate iGPT-L [^footnote-igptl] on a competitive benchmark for this sub-field and find that a simple linear probe on features from non-augmented images outperforms Mean Teacher [^reference-56] and MixMatch, [^reference-57] though it underperforms FixMatch. [^reference-59]
While we have shown that iGPT is capable of learning powerful image features, there are still significant limitations to our approach. Because we use the generic sequence transformer used for GPT-2 in language, our method requires large amounts of compute: iGPT-L was trained for roughly 2500 V100-days while a similarly performing MoCo 24 model can be trained in roughly 70 V100-days.
Relatedly, we model low resolution inputs using a transformer, while most self-supervised results use convolutional-based encoders which can easily consume inputs at high resolution. A new architecture, such as a domain-agnostic multiscale transformer, might be needed to scale further. Given these limitations, our work primarily serves as a proof-of-concept demonstration of the ability of large transformer-based language models to learn excellent unsupervised representations in novel domains, without the need for hardcoded domain knowledge. However, the significant resource cost to train these models and the greater accuracy of convolutional neural-network based methods precludes these representations from practical real-world applications in the vision domain.
Finally, generative models can exhibit biases that are a consequence of the data they’ve been trained on. Many of these biases are useful, like assuming that a combination of brown and green pixels represents a branch covered in leaves, then using this bias to continue the image. But some of these biases will be harmful, when considered through a lens of fairness and representation. For instance, if the model develops a visual notion of a scientist that skews male, then it might consistently complete images of scientists with male-presenting people, rather than a mix of genders. We expect that developers will need to pay increasing attention to the data that they feed into their systems and to better understand how it relates to biases in trained models.
We have shown that by trading off 2-D knowledge for scale [^reference-60] and by choosing predictive features from the middle of the network, a sequence transformer can be competitive with top convolutional nets for unsupervised image classification. Notably, we achieved our results by directly applying the GPT-2 language model to image generation. Our results suggest that due to its simplicity and generality, a sequence transformer given sufficient compute might ultimately be an effective way to learn excellent features in many domains.
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Learners are expected to demonstrate scholarly writing throughout the program in all written work (discussion forum, assignments, final project). Reflect on writing your Scholarly Writing Using Research paper and consider which of the standards of scholarly writing are most challenging for you:
- Identifying appropriate evidence for support (peer-reviewed and scholarly sources).
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Describe which is most challenging for you and why. What tools or sites did you use to address the challenges? What strategies will you use to become more proficient? (This response does not require research support.)
You are expected to use the principles of scholarly writing throughout the program without further prompting. Refer to the writing resources in the Library and Student Success Center for ongoing assistance.
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Writing a research paper sounds easy; you pick the topic, develop your argument, research what other studies have said, and conclude it. Those are the general rules. But writing a successful research paper requires you to be more attentive, consistent, and detailed.
In writing a 10-page research paper, there are some vital things to pay attention to. These are: The paper structure, which should be in line with the recommended guidelines of your school or instructor. Slight deviations are sometimes acceptable. The sources of information, which should be relevant, reliable, and research-oriented.
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How To Write a Research Paper In An Hour Explained The previous steps would have probably taken up at least 50% of the time you have allocated for the assignments. As such, it is important that you write quickly while editing and citing such that the proofreading will take the least amount of time.
Highlight the citation you wish to include. Click "Insert.". Your selection will appear as an in-text citation and as a cited reference the end of your document. "Using EndNote helps me save a lot of time. Once a reference is added in my database, there's no need to retype the whole thing every time.
Six Simple Steps for Writing a Research Paper • You should also be making notes about specific conclusions that you are drawing from the material. • Look specifically for details that support...
Here are the steps you need to take (in the order you need to take them) to write your research paper fast Step 1: Pick a Topic That Is Researched a Little Bite Depending on the specifics of your assignment, you'll either choose your own topic or be given one. If you need to choose one yourself, it can be a really positive thing.
3. Build your argument in the body paragraphs. First, set the context for your readers, especially if the topic is obscure. Then, in around 3 to 5 body paragraphs, focus on a specific element or piece of evidence that supports your thesis. Each idea should flow to the next so the reader can easily follow your logic.
STEP #1. Read your assignment. The first step to writing a research paper is, of course, reading your assignment. Make sure you understand the formatting requirement, when the deadline is, and what you are asked to do. STEP #2. Choose your topic. Now, you can concentrate on choosing your topic.
The pages in this section cover the following topic areas related to the process of writing a research paper: Genre - This section will provide an overview for understanding the difference between an analytical and argumentative research paper. Choosing a Topic - This section will guide the student through the process of choosing topics ...
5 Steps To Write A Research Paper In A Weekend | EXPLAINED BY PROFESSOR David Stuckler 3.14K subscribers Subscribe 1.3K 32K views 1 year ago In today's quick video I will be sharing 5 tips...
How to Write a 6-to-12-Page Essay in A Matter of Hours Schedule your time. Compose your thesis and intro paragraph. Do your research. Write your body paragraphs. Create a conclusion. Take a troubleshooting break. Add your finishing touches. Here is a soothing picture of the Tetons to remind you that this essay does not define your life.
The following steps will help you write a research paper, starting with nothing but an assignment or prompt and ending up with a well-crafted essay. The steps are: Step 1: Get familiar with the assignment ... Give your paper a day or two (or an hour or two, if you are running short on time) and give it a final read-through. It can be helpful to ...
A research proposal is a concise summary of your research paper. It creates the general idea of your research by highlighting the questions and issues you are going to address in your paper. For writing it, demonstrate the uniqueness of your research paper. This is the first draft that demonstrates your skills to conduct research.
Writing a paper is one of the most daunting tasks college students face. It happens not just to undergraduates but to students and professionals. The writer must track grammar accuracy, flow, analysis, and sections. Formatting the perfect research paper takes hours or days. But with the right technology, you will do it faster and more effectively.
The professional essay writers and researchers at YourEssayHelper.com can handle your assignment whether you're in graduate school working on your dissertation, at a university or college writing a research paper, or even in high school writing one of your weekly assignments.
1.45pm - 6pm: Write the body of the essay. 6pm - 6.45pm: Dinner break. 6.45pm - 10.30pm: Edit, improve and meet the word count. 10.30pm - 11pm: Print (if needed) and get everything ready for the morning. Remember to schedule in a few short 10-minute breaks (one every 45-60 minutes or so should do the trick).
We guarantee that your writer will have a perfect grasp of the topic, your instructions, and your level of work to do. Our company, responsible for the paper writing process, have really strict standards and require papers to comply with the following criteria: original and done from scratch uniqueness guaranteed unlimited revisions guaranteed zero plagiarism perfect grammar and stylistic ...
colville tribe settlement 2022 In their free PSAT study guide, they offer a 3-page Math study guide, a 2-page Reading study guide, and a 2-page Writing & Language study guide. In each of these study guides, you will walk through the general information of the section, terms to know, and then concepts that you need to know and understand for the ...
In language, unsupervised learning algorithms that rely on word prediction (like GPT-2 and BERT) have been extremely successful, achieving top performance on a wide array of language tasks.
Learners are expected to demonstrate scholarly writing throughout the program in all written work (discussion forum, assignments, final project). Reflect on writing your Scholarly Writing Using Research paper and consider which of the standards of scholarly writing are most challenging for you:
I need to write a research paper related to artificial intelligence and art as well as assuring to get it published in a scopus indexed journal . ... Posted 3 hours ago. Academic Writing Research Papers Researcher English Article Creative Writing Looking for writer to write Chapter for the PhD thesis. ...
"Write a scientific paper about what causes economic growth and/or human development. The paper should include a quantitative analysis of the significance of these causes. ... U.S. State Department - Investment Climate Statement, and BEA International Trade and Investment Country Facts, research three countries (not used in another ...