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An honors thesis proposal is a document written by a student in consultation with his/her honors thesis advisor. It identifies the problem or question that the student will address in the thesis and explains how the student will go about investigating it. The proposal is a blue print that guides the thesis project. It often constitutes a rough version of the first chapter of the thesis itself. Most proposals contain the following parts.
What Should a Thesis Proposal Contain?
- Statement of the problem : This section identifies the specific problem or question that the student will investigate and briefly explains why it is of sociological interest. This section often includes a preliminary review of the sociological literature that explains why the student's research problem or question is important and how it relates to other sociological work that has been done.
- Hypothesis : The proposal should identify one or more specific hypotheses that the student will test empirically. The hypothesis is often derived from literature that has already been published. The proposal also often identifies key dependent and independent variables and explains how they will be operationalized.
- Data : The proposal should identify the data that the student will use in the thesis and where it will come from. Data may come from a variety of sources and take a variety of forms, such as archival documents (e.g., government documents, newspapers, memoirs, etc.) or surveys (e.g., U.S. Census, General Social Survey, etc.). If the student plans to collect his/her own data, such as through a survey, experiment, participant observation, interviews, etc., he/she should explain how the data will be collected. Issues of sampling, case study selection, etc. should be discussed.
- Analysis : The student should explain how the data will be analyzed once it is located and/or collected. It is especially important to outline a research design that explains the sorts of empirical comparisons that will be involved and how this will shed light on the student's hypothesis. If quantitative data will be analyzed, what statistical techniques will likely be involved?
- Human subjects approval : If the student plans to conduct interviews, administer a survey, or observe human subjects he/she must obtain approval for the study from Dartmouth's Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects (phone: 646-3053/1598) before data are collected. This is mandatory Dartmouth College policy.
- Timetable : The student should establish a timetable for each step of the thesis process. Dates should be set by which the literature review, development of data collection tools, data collection, analysis, production of draft chapters and other critical parts of the thesis project will be completed.
- Thesis outline : An outline of the thesis should be provided indicating its overall organization, i.e., a preliminary "Table of Contents."
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- Rebecca Fallon ’13
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An research proposal examples on sociology is a prosaic composition of a small volume and free composition, expressing individual impressions and thoughts on a specific occasion or issue and obviously not claiming a definitive or exhaustive interpretation of the subject.
Some signs of sociology research proposal:
- the presence of a specific topic or question. A work devoted to the analysis of a wide range of problems in biology, by definition, cannot be performed in the genre of sociology research proposal topic.
- The research proposal expresses individual impressions and thoughts on a specific occasion or issue, in this case, on sociology and does not knowingly pretend to a definitive or exhaustive interpretation of the subject.
- As a rule, an essay suggests a new, subjectively colored word about something, such a work may have a philosophical, historical, biographical, journalistic, literary, critical, popular scientific or purely fiction character.
- in the content of an research proposal samples on sociology , first of all, the author’s personality is assessed - his worldview, thoughts and feelings.
The goal of an research proposal in sociology is to develop such skills as independent creative thinking and writing out your own thoughts.
Writing an research proposal is extremely useful, because it allows the author to learn to clearly and correctly formulate thoughts, structure information, use basic concepts, highlight causal relationships, illustrate experience with relevant examples, and substantiate his conclusions.
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Thesis For MA Sociology
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This dissertation entitled CONFLICT IN WILDLIFE RESERVE BETWEEN LOCAL PEOPLE AND NATIONAL PARK has been submitted by Mr. Uttam Raj Regmi to the Department of Sociology/ Anthropology Tri- Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University in the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Master’s Degree of Arts in Sociology
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- 1. CONFLICT IN WILDLIFE RESERVE BETWEEN LOCAL PEOPLE AND NATIONAL PARK (A study conducted at Bardiya National Park, Nepal) A Dissertation Submitted to the Department of Sociology/ Anthropology Tri- Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University in the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Master of Arts in Sociology Submitted by Uttam Raj Regmi March 2010
- 2. TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY TRI CHANDRA MULTIPLE COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY/ANTHROPOLOGY LETTER OF RECOMMENDATION This dissertation entitled CONFLICT IN WILDLIFE RESERVE BETWEEN LOCAL PEOPLE AND NATIONAL PARK has been prepared by Mr. Uttam Raj Regmi under my supervision and guidance. Therefore, I recommend this dissertation to the Evaluation Committee for it final approval (Tika Kaini) Lecturer / Thesis Supervisor Department of Sociology/Anthropology Tri- Chandra Multiple College Kathmandu, Nepal Date: 2010/ /
- 3. TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY TRI CHANDRA MULTIPLE COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY/ANTHROPOLOGY LETTER OF APPROVAL The Evaluation Committee has approved this dissertation entitled CONFLICT IN WILDLIFE RESERVE BETWEEN LOCAL PEOPLE AND NATIONAL PARK prepared and submitted by Uttam Raj Regmi for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master’s Degree of Arts in Sociology. Evaluation Committee 1. …………….. Program Coordinator 2. …………….. Supervisor 3. …………….. External Examiner Date: 2010/ /
- 4. ACRONYMS CM Conflict Management CR Conflict Resolutions DDC District Development Committee DNPWC Department of National Parks and wildlife Conservation FUG Forest Users' Group GEF Global environment Facility HH Household HMG/N His Majesty's Government, Nepal ICIMOD International Center for Integrated Mountain Development IG Income generation IUCN World Conservation Union NPC National Planning Commission NR Natural resource NRM Natural resource Management PPP Park-People Project PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal BNP Bardiya National Park UNDP United Nations Development Program VDC Village Development Committee WWF World Wildlife Fund
- 5. Acknowledgements I would like to express my heartiest gratitude and sincere thanks to Mr. Tika Kaini, lecturer, Department of Sociology/ Anthropology, Tri - Chandra Multiple College, Kathmandu for providing me valuable guidance and regular suggestion as a supervisor throughout this study. . I received all necessary help for this research from Chief Warden, Bardiya National Park, and other park staff. Thanks are due to them for their suggestion and help. Due thanks to the government office staffs who helped me with their ideas and perception in relation to the research topic. My thanks go to the residents of the following village units who deserve my special gratitude for their active participation and interest in the interviews during data collection:Thakurdwara, Suryapatuwa, and ShivapurVDC, In addition, I am thankful to Mr. Narayan Dhakal, Director, Bardiya National Trust for Nature Conservation (TNC), Thakurdwara, Bardiya, Mr. Bhagawan Dahal, Research officer, TNC for their generous help. My special gratitude goes to Ms. Silvie Walraven, Director, Appropriate Agriculture Alternative, Mr. Rik van Keulen, Director, Nepal Trust for their valuable feedback and comments. I am indebted to my wife Sipa and daughter Agrima for their encouragement and unconditional support throughout the research. I owe special thanks to Ram Raj Regmi (father), Indu Regmi (mother) Bimal Raj Regmi (brother) Mr. Ashok Subedi, and Mr. Surendra Prasad Tharu for their generous support in terms of ideas, logistic support, and encouragement. Thanks are due to Mr. Shiva Sharma of Bardiya for facilitating our field visit without whose help I could not have completed my fieldwork.
- 6. Chapter One Introduction 1.1 Background of the study Throughout history there are numerous examples of efforts made by governments, or individual landowners to protect certain land areas that possessed unique natural values. From the very beginning of establishment of national park or protected areas there has been conflict. Chinese writing, some 3000 years ago, expressed views about nature conservation, and described regulations protecting certain areas. Da Ju, published in the 6th century by Yi Zhau Shu, observes' do not cut down the trees during spring in order to benefit the growth of herbed. Do not fish the rivers and lakes during summer in offer to benefit the growth of fish and other aquatic life' (quoted in Li 1993) An edict from the prime minister of Qi at that time, Guan Zuong, states that 'Pu mountain' is a forbidden area because of the tea trees there; someone must suffer capital punishment if this law is forbidden' (quoted in Li 1993). As far as the landmark in the history of national park is concerned, Yellowstone National Park is the first one. Yellowstone was established at a time when it was believed that natural resources were inexhaustible and should be utilized for the maximum benefit to society. There was little public sentiment -and relatively little scientific evidence available to support preservation of seemingly unlimited biological resources found on the North American continent (Wright, 1996). Nepal has so far aside 18.5% of its land as national park and protected areas. During the span of recorded conservation history in Nepal i.e. from the establishment of first national park – Royal Chitwan National Park to the latest one Kanchanganga National Park, the conflict of different scale and magnitude have been evident. National park and protected areas are from the very beginning being questioned on theoretical as well as moral ground. Conservation biologist have pointed out that reserves alone are unlikely to maintain viable populations of many species because they usually are to small and isolated from one another (read F. Nose in National Parks and protected areas (Other
- 7. critics claims that parks and wilderness areas no longer play a useful role in reconciling conservation and development because they are elitist and anti-people. For example, the national park idea, when transferred to Africa and other developing countries, has conflicted with the needs and aspirations of local human communities. (Harman 1997; Barnes 1994) Because of these and other reasons, protected areas are becoming evermore difficult to establish in many parts of the world. Similarly in U.S, the philosopher Callicott (1994/95 (among others, contends that the wilderness idea is an achronistic, ecologically uninformed, ethnocentric, historically naive and politically counter-productive. Although Callicott attacks the wilderness idea rather than wilderness areas, his critique comes at a time when politically inspired antagonism toward protected areas-and public lands in general-is becoming increasingly virulent. (Noss F. Reed, 1996, in National parks and protected Areas) The conservation of biological diversity of flora and fauna so far depends solely on the success and failure of national parks and wildlife reserves. From the very beginning, there has been the local people and park authority. Park authority blame local people for their activities that park authority suppose to be dangerous while local people are unhappy with park authority for various reasons. The conflict so deep rooted that park authority and public perceive one another as enemy and this perception is usually reflected in confrontation-sometime clash. Some groups in society (for ex. indigenous people as part of their belief systems (have very strong cultural attachments to species or habitats. As a result, aesthetic, inspirational, spiritual and educational needs may all depend to some extent on diverse natural systems. IUCN uses six categories for classification according to the management objectives of the sites (IUCN 1994; 17-23) Bridgewater (1992) summaries the common and significant threats to protected area systems worldwide as follows: ∗ Conflicts with local people
- 8. ∗ Lack of policy commitment at nation state level to adequately protect systems ∗ Ineffective management by trained staff of individual protected areas ∗ Funding is insufficient or unsure ∗ Inadequate public support ∗ Conflict can be defined as antagonism caused by a clash of cultural, social, economic and/or political interest between individuals or groups. Integrating development with conservation through protected areas can be an act of conflict resolution as various key actors may have a broad range of interests, which they may want to protect. (Furze et.al.1996) There are some 8000 protected areas in the world, covering around 750 million hectares, and accounting for 5.1% of terrestrial ecosystem. Whilst these figures would indicate a relatively substantial protected estate, a number of common and significant threats to protected area system worldwide have been identified. Out of seven, the following two strategies set by The Global Biodiversity Strategy (WRI et al, 1992:27) clearly indicates that the conservation of biodiversity is thus a multidimensional in nature. ∗ The creation of conditions and incentives for local biodiversity conservation ∗ The expansion of human capacity to conserve biodiversity (including increasing the awareness and appreciation of biodiversity values, helping disseminate information needed to conserve biodiversity, promote basic and applied research on biodiversity conservation, and develop a human capacity for biodiversity conservation) 1.2. Understanding conflict Conflict is an active stage of disagreement between people with opposing opinions, principles and practices manifested in different forms (grievance, conflict and dispute) (Walker and Daniels, 1997). Grievance is an initial stage of conflict in which individuals or groups are apperceived to be unjust, and provides grounds for resentment of
- 9. complaints. This condition potentially erupts into conflict. When this stage turns into conflict antagonism is caused by a clash of cultural, political, social or economic interests between individuals and groups. At the final stage of conflict, people make the matter public and opting for confrontation (Buckles, 1999; Bush 1995; Caplan 1995, Walker and Daniels, 1997; Warner, 2000). Felstiner et al. (1981) coined the phrase 'injurious experiences' to describe the process of transformation patterns of conflict. According to the stages of transformations of conflict are: a) Naming (when unperceived injurious feelings are transformed into perceived injurious experiences). b) Blaming (when it transforms into a grievance). c) Claiming (when people charge the responsibility to the opposite party and demand a remedy from them). d) Dispute (when the demanded remedy is wholly or partly rejected). Conflict occurs in many societies and it may or may not be managed or resolved. It transforms over time and leads to different outcomes with a multitude of short term and long- term effects (Yordan, 2000; Raifa 1991; Scimecca, 1993). Conflict has two stages i.e. latent conflict (a relatively permanent condition between conflicting parties with divergent and competing interests) or active (actual interplay of the disputants over a specific problem). Conflict can be categorized into four groups based on solvability. They are: i) A terminal conflict that seems unsolvable by agreement and results in a win- lose situation; ii) A paradoxical conflict, which looks obscure and of questionable solvability having a lose-lose outcome, iii) A litigious conflict, which seems solvable and produces a win-win of a consensus result (Martinelli and Almeida, 1998) and iv) Illusory conflict where disputants want the same thing but fail to realize it.
- 10. Conflict in society is also influenced by the social context (organization and structure of society), patterns of interaction (escalation or de-escalation), mode (e.g.. violence, disagreement), time (specific period of time), belief of conflicting parties and the degree of incompatibility of their goals and power structures. Conflict has many dimensions. It occurs at different levels (e.g. from interpersonal, family and community to international). It also varies in nature (from use of resources to personal identity). Perception of reality by different people rather than the reality itself greatly influences conflict, because people behave according to their perception and interpretation. There can be several methods to study NR -related conflicts. The interpretative method (Bell et al., 1989) helps to examine conflict by analyzing structures, processes, functions, and their relationships as well as the pattern of interaction among people. Opting for the interpretative method of analyzing conflict has also implications for the methodology as it relies on an ethnographic study. An ethnographic study focuses on understanding how conflict arise (actual occurrence) and how they are subsequently handled, considering power relationship and social context (Caplan, 1970). This means that both the personal, psychological, and collective social dimensions of the parties in the conflict have to be analyzed. The behavioral analysis of individuals considers anger, emotions, and the response of the individual actors in conflict and draws inferences based on them. In the analysis of the social behavior of the disputants towards NR-related conflict, the conflicts needs to be examined at the level of groups, social classes, political movements, religious and ethnic entities, coalitions and cultural systems. This analysis basically focuses on the collective behavior of the disputants. In a NR-related conflict both individual and collective behavior is important. The following three methods of analysis are useful in studying conflict (Bell et al., 1989): 1. Interpretative analysis is empirical in nature and describes how people behave: how they perceive uncertainties, accumulate evidence, and update perceptions; how they learn and adapt their behavior; why they think the way they do. Interpretative analysis is mainly used by social scientists to analyze conflict without influencing the behavior of people.
- 11. 2. Abstractive analysis deals with how an idealized, rational person acts. This analysis is more common in behavioral analysis of individuals involved in conflict. 3. Prescriptive analysis is more advisory in nature and focuses on what people should do to make better choices, what thoughts, decision aids, conceptual schemes and methodology are useful, not for idealized, mythical people, but for normal people (Bell et al., 19899; Kremenyuk, 1991) 1.3. Emergence of Conflict in Managing the National Parks or Protected Areas System The concepts of national parks and protected areas developed with a philosophy of preservation of living resources. Frome et al (1990) have stated that in the United States, philosophies of national parks were pioneered to protect the natural and cultural features by acknowledging that national parks reflect the common heritage of all people, where people were not permitted to harvest in any form from park resources, or to live within the park. The United States National Parks system enjoys a high level of protection against private exploitation while making them accessible in a natural condition (Frome, 1990). Frustrated with the inability of parks to control such problems (poaching, market hunting, theft of resources and vandalism) in 1886, secretary of the Interior Lewis Lamar requested that army troops be stationed in larger parks like Yellowstone and Sequoia to protect the resources and administer the parks. The U.S. army remained in control of Yellowstone until 1918. (Wright, 1992) The national park and protected areas system in other countries of the world followed the conservation philosophy of the United States. However, many protected area management authorities failed to adopt appropriate principles and guidelines to protect their areas against the threats of inevitable human pressure for traditional exploitation of natural resources (Sharma, 1991). The application of the United States philosophy in a 'pure' form was clearly not suited to the different situations, which existed in countries
- 12. where ecologically important areas also had a long history of human occupation and traditional use. In Nepal, many of the areas judged to be of national park quality in terms of their unique features and ecology had such a history of human habitation and often villages existed within the proposed boundaries. In Nepal, the United States system was tried at the beginning of the national parks movement. It was assumed that successful wildlife conservation hinged on the exclusion of those who grazed their cattle and were dependent on fuel wood and construction timber within the parks. As an experiment, two villages near Lake Rara National Park were evacuated and destroyed. The inhabitants, who used to the harsh climate of the mountains, were moved to the Terai where many succumbed to Malaria. The Government later decided that the North American model of national Park was not suitable for Nepal. The very process of establishing national parks alienated people who had their lands appropriated. Hence a new concept developed with new ideas, but which has also brought its own set of management problems. Many concerned planners and managers are striving to manage national parks or protected areas systems against human pressures but where the objectives of management for protection run counter to the needs of local people, park people conflict can result. Given the formal requirement to protect an area's resources, antagonism between the national park administration and the local people is inevitable. Common issues involve the use of resources such as fodder, fiber and fuel wood, compensation for the loss of crops and stock through wildlife depredation as well as other non-core cultural factors. 2. Statement of the problem Ecosystem management also recognizes that humans cannot be divorced from the ecosystem but, rather, are an integral part of it.(Wright R. Gerald,1996) By seeing conservation issues as development issues, we locate people very firmly in the conservation equation. (Culture, conservation and biodiversity) Threats to protected areas are identified as follows:
- 13. ∗ Conflicts with local people ∗ Lack of policy commitment at nation state level to adequately protect systems ∗ Ineffective management by trained staff of individual protected areas ∗ Funding is insufficient or unsure. ∗ Inadequate public support It is equally important to note that participation does not equal local development, nor does local development equal participation. They are mutually dependent. For participation to be meaningful, local involvement and consultation must mean a partnership of equals. If local people are consulted and action based on mutual cooperation and a better understanding of the variety of issues involved is the result, then meaningful participation is achieved. (Furge et al,) It is evident that there are several reasons for conflicts to take place among park authority and people residing within or outside the park boundary. These reasons could be: ∗ Neglecting the core as well as outward sphere of culture defined by Julian Steward ∗ Difficulties faced by local people because of inability to adjust with frequently changing government rule, red-tapes and other kind of bureaucratic systems ∗ Attitude and behavior of the park staff and local people to each other ∗ Differences in the understanding the need of park by people and park staffs ∗ Lack of people participation in planning and implementation of park management activities (too often wild lands are treated as 'wastelands' and wild lives as 'free goods ' to be exploited at little or no costs by the people).
- 14. 3. Objective of the study As a rule, conflicts are always there despite of their difference in nature. Conflicts are by nature changing its forms and extent. Whenever we try to resolve the conflicting situation, for the time being it seems to be settled down but in reality it changes the situation and ultimately there would come another issue where two and more than two parties, by virtue of their different interest experience conflicts. Followings were the objectives of the present study: 1. To identify the causes of conflicts in Bardiya National Park area. 2. To identify and rank the different conflicting issues in that area. 3. To explore the different perspectives of park authority and local people regarding the conflicts. 4. Conceptual / Theoretical Frameworks An analytical framework helps in thinking about phenomena, to order data and to reveal patterns (Rapport, 1985). Therefore, an analytical framework is a heuristic device designed to identify and analyze the relevant characteristics of a NR-related conflict. Hence two contemporary complementary perspectives have been used to analyze NR -relater conflicts. A legal -anthropological perspective gives conceptual tools to explore the diversity of laws (Plurality of state, religious and local customary rules) and provides substantive criteria to evaluate conflicts and their interrelationships as well as procedures to manage them. A social learning perspective provides conceptual roadmaps to look for improvement of the existing conflict. While analyzing conflict, I am looking at a wide range of issues: from misunderstanding. Disagreement, hostility, verbal exchange, public complaint, filing cases, physical assault,
- 15. personal and social desolations, injurious social relations to violence and civil unrest at different levels (between individuals, between individuals and groups and between groups) Throughout the human history, there have been tremendous changes not only in natural environments, but also equally in terms of cultural forms. Specific cultures evolve their specific cultural forms in the process of adapting to specific environmental conditions (Ortner, 1984). The assumption of Julian Steward, while conceptualizing Cultural Ecology, is based upon the recognition that culture and environment are not separate spheres but are involved in dialectic interplay. or what is called feedback or reciprocal causality (Hardesty,1977).The changes in natural environments, by whatever means, thus directly influence the human culture and vice versa. Different cultural types evolve, as a process of adapting different environmental conditions. From the survival point of view, the core elements of culture-exploitative technology, population patterns and economic organization plays an important role rather than non elements of culture i.e. religion, language, values and art. The restriction of any kind imposed to the community regarding their culture would result in conflicting situation as conflict is situation where there are differences in interest among two or more than two parties. Obviously if the restriction imposed comes to direct confrontation with the cultural core, the conflict would obviously be intense than the conflict caused by the disturbances in non -core elements of culture. Even before the eradication of malaria, the tribal groups of people known as Tharu were residing in Terai. They had their own culture evolved to cope with the underlying problems and they had their exploitative technology and survival strategy. Recognition of importance of natural environment, the establishment of National Park and Wildlife Reserve took place under the Wild National Park Act. In order to conserve flora and fauna in its natural habitat, the rules and regulations imposed by the park authority caused problems to the community as well as the violation of these rules and regulations by the community caused to develop antagonistic relationship among park and people. As the power, prestige and property determines the status of the people, the accessibility in the scarce resources is varied accordingly.
- 16. Thus apart from park and people conflict, there must be inter group and intra group conflict as well among people. Economic deterministic approach of Conflict theory entails how the underlying dynamics of resources, production system and distribution pattern in terms of people's accessibility determines the extent of conflicts in any society. As far as the economic commonality is concerned, each and every society has to undergo following aspects: As the power, prestige and property of different caste group residing nearby the wildlife reserve differs, so do their accessibility to the natural resources. The conflicts among different caste groups are thus inevitable regarding the resources uses pattern. 4. Importance of the study In order to resolve the conflicts it is must to identify the conflicting issues along with causes for these issues to exist. There have been several studies regarding park and people conflicts in different national park areas. The most important issues to keep in mind here is that the issues, extent and causes of conflicts from one national park to another park obviously differs. The population dynamics, social and economic conditions of the people residing nearby national park boundary determines the issue to great extent. Though there have been several studies, Bardiya National Park is neglected from this point of view. Apart from this, most of the studies have focused in biological aspect of the conflict. There has been hardly any effort to explain the issues from anthropological perspective. Present study has tried to explain the conflict of national park and people from anthropological perspective so as to provide the concerned people and authority with in- depth idea how the core and non core cultural factors have determined the extent of conflicts existing in the Bardiya National Park.
- 17. Chapter Two Review of the literature The Bardiya National Park is situated on the eastern banks of the Karnali River, about 400-km west of Kathmandu. The park is 968 sq. km in area and extends from the Churia hills southward to the gentle slopes of the 'Bhabhar'. The western end of the Bardiya is bounded by numerous waterways of the Karnali River, which have created many large and small gravel islands. A mosaic of grassland and forest of Acacia, Sisam and the large Buttressed silk cotton trees cover these islands and much to the lower ground. Bardiya is the home of a wide variety of animals, many of which live in and around the National Park. Spotted deer, Black buck, Hog deer, Samber deer, Wild boar, Swamp deer, two species of Monkeys, Wild elephants, Crocodile, Dolphin and Blue bull are found here. More than 350 species of birds have been recorded in Bardia, truly a bird+ watcher's paradise. Getting There: A total of 333 plant species, comprising of 5 Pteridophytes, 1Gymnosperm, and 327 Angiosperms, have been recorded in BNP. Satisal (Dalbergia latifolia), Santawar (Asparagus racemosus) , and Jharbaruwa (Raulwolfia serpentina), which are threatened with over exploitation in other parts of Nepal, are found in good population in this reserve. The vegetation is broadly categorized into six forest types: mixed deciduous revering, mixed deciduous hardwood, sal, sal-pine, pine and acacia (Chaudhary, 1995). Sal (Shorea robusta) and its associated species cover approximately 90 % of the reserve. The reserve harbors an approximate population of 35 Asian wild elephants (Elephas maximus). Altogether, 32 species of mammals have been recorded (Budha et al 1998). The main species are gaur (Bos gaurus), royal Bengal tiger (panthera tigris), striped hyaena (Hyaena hyanea), spotted dear (Axis), blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus), wild dog (Cuon alipinus), and sloth bear (Melursus ursinus). Occasionally the one horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) transcends the boundary from RCNP to the reserve.
- 18. The reserve is rich in avifauna; so far, about 300 bird species have been estimated to occur in BNP (DNPWC1990). The giant hornbill (Buceros bicornis), an endangered species in Nepal, has been recorded in the Bhata and Sikaribas areas. Other important species are crested serpent eagle (Spilornis cheela), grass owl (Tyto capensis), jungle nightjar (Caprimulgus indicus), kalij pheasants (Lophura lecuomellana), and black partridge (Francolinus francolinus). The reserve is famous for many kinds of reptiles such as krait (Bungarus caereleus), banded krait (B.fasciatus), common cobra (Naja naja), king cobra (Ophiophagus Hannah), python (Python molurus), and monitor lizard (Varanus bengalensis). Buddha et. al 1998 has recorded 31 species of butterflies in the BNP. The proposed buffer zone of BNP covers approximately 369sq km., which includes complete 19 village development committees (VDCs) adjoining with the National Park. The estimated total number of households in the buffer zone area is about 9,500 with a population of 95,000 (BNP Official Records 2009). The majority of the indigenous people include Tharu, Dhagar, Yadav and Muslims, while the Badi, Musar, Hazra and Malaha are in the minority. The Pahadiya is another group of the population that has migrated from the hills after the eradication of malaria in the 1950s. Awadi, Nepali and Bhojpuri are the main languages spoken by the local people. The average literacy rate of the people living in the buffer zone around BNP is about 29 % (9.5%women). About 75% of the buffer zone communities are involved in agricultural activities. Animal husbandry is another important occupation of the local villagers. As benefits to the local people from the reserve, grass and reed cutting have been permitted annually from the reserve in winter season. The main problems perceived in Bardiya National Park by local people are crop raids, livestock damage and human casualty by local animals, and inadequate alternatives to forest products outside the reserve. The problems perceived by park management are the following illegal firewood/ timber cutting from the south-west side, international forest -fires, overgrazing due to livestock mainly from settlements inside the reserve, the location of four settlements inside the reserve, inadequate water for wildlife especially in
- 19. the eastern part, and poaching in the northern side. Occasionally, hunting of wild animals that have moved to the adjoining forest areas and cultivated land for water occurs in the southern side. During the Park Management Strategy Framework Planning Workshop held on 9-11 September 2008, different types of stakeholders and their level of interest and characteristics have been analyzed. About 52 interest groups were identified and were classified into six broad categories, which is annexed herewith. Apart from government agencies, and donors, the local people are categorized as follows: ∗ VDC ∗ DDC ∗ Poachers ∗ Fuel wood collectors ∗ Timber /wood cutters ∗ Grazers/Livestock Herder ∗ Local NGOs ∗ Hotel Businessmen ∗ Neighboring VDC people ∗ Local User Groups/ Committees Following are the major problems identified during the workshop, which are related to the local people in one or another way: ∗ Crop damage by wild animals ∗ Illegal fuel woodcutting ∗ Settlement inside the reserve ∗ Inadequate alternative community forest outside the reserve
- 20. ∗ Poor commitment of the local people ∗ Overgrazing ∗ Inadequate people participation in conservation ∗ Timber cutting ∗ Uncontrolled firing ∗ Park People conflict ∗ Illegal hunting of wild animals (Poaching) ∗ Human casualty by wild animals
- 21. Chapter Three Research Methods 3.1 Research Design Research methodology entails the course framework of research. In this section, I briefly describe how I approached this research, and my motives and choices concerning the research methods used to answer the research questions. To investigate the dynamics of conflict a methodology is required which facilitates analysis of behavioral patterns, perceptions, causes, interrelations and interactions among the factors. Hence, my methodological approach is a sociological interpretative study based on the fundamental connection between context and practice over time. Therefore, the most basic guiding factors in selecting research methods were the practices of everyday social life of the actors and their strategies, maneuvers, discourses, and struggles. In order to explore the dynamics of conflicts in society, methods and techniques of qualitative research were used to collect the required information. 3.2 Setting up the study: research strategy The theoretical perspectives and the research problem itself influenced the choice of the research strategy. The strategy focused on ‘what information most appropriately answers specific research question and which strategies are most effective for obtaining it (Denzin and Lincoln, 1998). To understand how conflicts evolve in NRM and how they are resolved it is necessary to appreciate the intricacy of the social system within which they are happening. It provides sound ways of understanding the dynamics of conflicts in NR. Natural resource-related conflicts involve different actors embedded in social processes. These actors create discourses through interpretation of the conflict situation. It is therefore important for the researcher to integrate different social interpretations of conflict into the inquiry process. The integration of a local perspective, empirical knowledge and different theoretical perspectives into a research process is complicated.
- 22. Furthermore, studying conflict management in natural resources from both the legal- anthropological and social-learning perspectives is more complicated because of their different aims and focuses. Therefore a flexible set of guidelines is used as a strategy for collecting and analyzing empirical materials. This strategy led me, as a researcher, to specific sites, persons, groups and institutions having relevant interpretative material. The meaning of human behavior, motivation, interaction and action are expressed in daily practices of actors. A qualitative interpretative approach of conflict study is more appropriate to explore such behavior, which cannot be captured by quantitative methods (Alasuutari, 1998; Silverman, 1993; Seale, 1998). A case study was my preferred strategy in examining contemporary conflict events. The strength of a case study is its ability to deal with the full variety of evidence: documents, interviews, observations, etc. (Yin, 1984). From the field study I realized that a case study is most suitable when a how or why question is being asked about a contemporary set of events, over which the investigator has little or no control (Silverman, 1993). The strength of a case study is that it has no pre-packaged research design. Rather, different information collection techniques, sampling and analysis techniques can be used throughout the research process (Yin, 1984). This method is useful in understanding the local dynamics of access and control of resources, knowledge and power (Seale, 1998). A case study allows an investigation into an on-going phenomenon with a real life context, in which the investigator has no control over behavioral events. It also better explains the decision process, why and how decisions are taken and implemented. Hence, an extended case study was the most preferred method used in this research to explore the dynamics of NR conflicts. The social sciences offer a variety of methods for use in the development of social understanding. An important dimension to the use of these methods, however, relates to the complexity of social processes, which need to be understood. It is impossible to reduce the complexity of human affairs to iron laws of cause and effect. Our understanding has limitation and we should bear this in mind when using social science knowledge.
- 23. The process of social research involves an interaction between researcher and people. The form and structure that this interaction takes vary with different research methodologies; some are highly structured and controlled by the researcher while others are less structured and in a sense controlled by those the researcher wishes to learn from. There are a variety of terms used in social science to refer to the people involved in the research process. The person collecting information or conducting the research is usually referred as researchers, who are not necessarily always outsiders. Likewise the people from whom the information is being collected have a number of different titles-for example, respondents, informants, subjects or partners. The different titles are generally assigned according to the methodology being used, and reflect the role that the researcher feels the other is playing. 3.3 Justification for Selection of the Study Area Bardiya National Park falls within the jurisdiction of Bardiya administrative districts of Nepal. The people living in adjoining village units known as village development committee are dependent on park resources for wood and pasture. This study has included these populations. The Bardiya National Park encompasses several villages inside the park boundary with about 100,000 people living in or adjoining to the park that rely on upon its resources mainly for pasture and wood. Unless the needs of these people are identified and appropriate alternatives for the consequences brought about by the establishment of the park are addressed, there will be aggravation of conflicts between the park administration and the local population. If these needs have not been identified, much of the effort applied by the park administration for the conservation of the park and its resources will be futile. This research is planned to examine the consequences of the establishment of the Bardiya National Park on the local people in the Mid Western Terai region of Nepal and to examine the areas of conflicts between the park administration and the local population regarding the park resources.
- 24. 3.4 Universe and Sample Altogether there are 31 Village Development Committies in Bardiya district. Out of 31 VDC, 19 VDC lie in the buffer zone or are adjoining with the National Park. The residents of these VDC are dependent on park resources for woods and pasture in the, three village units from the total of 19 adjoining with the National Park were randomly selected using a lottery draw. A questionnaire survey of office heads, who deal with public business in the park along with household heads interviews of the local population, was expected to give insight into a number of issues from different perspectives. 3.5. Nature and Sources of Data: To obtain information in accordance with the objectives of the research topic questionnaire interviews were carried out with park staff and sampled households within the local population. The household interview method was employed because of the lower level of education and hence literacy among the local population. The structured interview process ensured the encouragement of greater responsiveness on sensitive issues and was used to probe ambiguous responses through clarification of the questions. The research tools designed for this investigation took into account the ability of respondents to complete questionnaires and their level of literacy. It was important to consider whether the respondents were able to understand the manning of each questions and also able to give an exact answer. This decision was made by testing understanding if the questions by the park staff. Initially it was planned as a self-administered postal questionnaire survey to the park personnel but when the questionnaire was tested there was confusion as to the meaning of some of the words. As a result, the questionnaire was administered through personal interviews. 3.6. Data Collection Techniques The research tools used in this investigation consist of: (1) Questionnaire Interviews of Households
- 25. The extended family structure in Nepal facilitates the task of the researcher. The family structure was defined for the purpose of the interview, as the number of family members who are fed in the same kitchen in a household. The head of the household was determined after asking a few questions about who controls the business in a house. Then, the households-head was asked to provide answers to the questions. Households were chosen randomly. The following methods were adopted to accomplish the random sampling: (i) For each selected village unit, the total number of households list was obtained from the office of the district administration. (ii) 100 household-heads of the three VDC: Suryapatuwa, Thakurdwara, and Shivapur were selected and interviewed. The total household number of the VDCs was 1,500 (with total population of 20000), this makes the sample size 6.2 percent of the total households in the sample area. The village official of a sampled village and the secretary of each village committee were informed by a written letter, which discussed the process of interviews. Verbal consent was solicited from the secretary prior to accessing the household respondents and again verbal consent was solicited from the respondents prior to commencing the interview. The problem of non-responding households was met by the interviewer going to the house immediately to the left of the non-responding household. (2) Questionnaire Interview of Park Personnel A questionnaire interview of the 20 park personnel was carried out. This represents 18 percent of the total park staff ( 110) that were working in the different units of the Bardiya National Park administration during the study period. (3) Some In-depth Interviews In addition to the self-administered questionnaire surveys, in-depth interviews with selected persons such as local leaders and wildlife biologists were carried out. The
- 26. opinions of these people have provided some additional qualitative information regarding the issues under study. 3.7. Data Analyses and Interpretation The data obtained from this investigation was analyzed using the statistical package like Mean, Median and Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS). The range of responses and percentage of responses for each response category and the total number of respondents by their categories have been calculated for all closed questions. For open-ended questions, all answers were manually assigned to categories based on the similarity of answers to the question. The categories of responses were analyzed in aggregate form. 3.8. Limitations of the Study This research design approximated a one-shot case study. Although, normally one-shot case studies are influenced by history or maturation, they could be greatly influenced by specific events or incidents which occur during the data collection period and which influence the opinions of interviewees. The specific design for this study is not a "pure" one-shot case study as data was collected over a period of 30 days. Thus, events during this period could have influenced the data. Also, those interviewed earlier in the process could have discussed the survey questions with interviewees being surveyed later. This could lead to strategic responses and be a possible source of internal invalidity. Another limitation was the hesitation showed by the park staffs to participate in the interview process. They were afraid that the data might get disclosed and they will lose the job. Equally, frequent bandh by organization related with ethnic people at regional level affected the time schedule. The field work took unprecedented number of days and resources than expected.
- 27. Chapter 4 Results This chapter is devoted to the presentation of results. It consists of two sections: 1. The first section provides general characteristics of respondents with reference to their gender, age, education and occupation. 2. Section two provides results regarding the issues of park-people conflict as postulated in the objectives of this study. 4.1. Respondents Respondents for the study were local people (n= )., park staff (n= ) 4.1.1 Gender Most of respondents in the local people group were males ( females out of males) as males are the spokes people for the household in Nepalese society. In the park staff group, all respondents were males as there were no female staffs in Bardiya National Park. Similarly all office heads were males. 4.1.2 Age No respondent reported being less than eighteen years of age. The majority is in the 18-31 years age group. Table 4.1 presents the percentage distribution of respondents by their age. Table 4.1 Percentage Distributions of Respondents by Age (Absolute Frequency in Parenthesis)
- 28. Age group Years Frequency 18 -30 45 31 -40 30 41 -50 30 51-60 10 61 plus 10 125 4.1.3 Education Slightly more than 56 percent of the respondents indicated that they had never attended school and are not able to read and write the Nepali alphabet. Nearly 30 percent mentioned that they learned to read and write the Nepali alphabet either by attending school or by getting their education at home, but did not hold the School Leaving Certificate (SLC). Nearly nine percent answered that they had completed primary and secondary school levels of education and held the qualification of SLC. Slightly more than three percent had completed a two-year undergraduate course at University and held an intermediate certificate. Nearly four percent of respondents were University graduate and 2.02 percent were post -graduate. As far as the gender ratio of education level is concerned, female were found to be lagging far behind that of men as elsewhere in the country. 4.1.4 Occupation The majority of respondents (48 percent) were farmers. Less than ten percent were retired and was not involved in any other occupations. Table 4.2 presents the percentage distribution by their occupation. Table 4.2 Distributions of Respondents by Occupation
- 29. Occupation Categories No. Of Responses Farmers 60 Hoteliers/Retailers 10 Political Workers 10 4.2. Findings Government Service 20 School Teachers 10 All the Iron-tools makers 5 Retired 10 respondents (local Total: 125 people, park staff, and office heads) answered the research questions regarding the issue of 'Park-people Conflict in Bardiya National Park'. The "Don't Know" option was in each research question to prevent bias thorough forced answers. The number of respondents who answered, "Don't know" to the questions has been eliminated from the analysis, but has been included where appropriate in the discussion of results. The purpose of the study was to investigate the differences in the perceptions of local people, park staff and office-heads on the issues concerned with the park-people conflict in Bardiya National Park. The Chi-square test of significance was used to determine differences in perceptions between the three groups of respondents regarding the issues. Significance was determined at the five percent level of probability. For the open-ended questions, response items were manually categorized based on the similarity of answers to the question. The categories of responses were then analyzed in aggregate form. The results of each issue have been summarized in the tables and results have been interpreted wherever appropriate. To summarize, results indicate that the majority of the park staff are "strongly agreed" as to the purposed of Bardiya National Park being the control of floods, landslides and soil erosion; the conservation of plants and habitat of endangered wildlife such as rhino, elephant and enhancing local and national income through tourism. The local people group is "strongly agreed" as to the purpose of Bardiya National Park National Park being the conservation of plants & habitat of endangered wildlife and the conservation of religious and cultural sites. Both the local people and park staff is "agreed" with all the rest to the stated purposed of Bardiya National Park. The office-heads group "agreed" with all the rest of the stated purposed. These results clearly indicate that there is not the
- 30. same degree of understanding about the values of Bardiya National Park amongst all three groups. Within the areas of agreement about the purposes of the park, there are differences between the park staff and the local people. It should also be noted that the establishment of Bardiya National Park does not appear to be an issue of conflict per se, because all groups are agreed as to its basic purposes. 4.2.1. Identification of the causes of conflicts: Respondents who answered 'yes' to the question of a loss of benefits were asked to list benefits lost and rank them in order of importance. Fifty-two percent of local people, 45 percent of office-heads and 38.71 % of park staff listed the problem of crops and livestock depredation by wildlife and ranked this in a first category of benefits lost due to the establishment of Bardiya National Park. Only a small (5.66 and 1.89) % of the local people perceived: 1. a loss of freedom of the local people for the collection of fuel wood, leaf litter and grasses from the forest area; and 2. a loss of freedom for charcoal making opportunities for the local iron-tools makers in the forest. No park staff or office-heads indicated other categories of benefits lost. It is noted that the majority of the local people living inside and around the park boundaries indicated that they have suffered from the problem of "crops and livestock depredation by wildlife". Respondents, who listed the above "benefits lost", also were asked to suggest possible solutions to the problems. From the analysis of suggestions offered: (a) More than 49 % of local people, 38.71% of park staff suggested that the problems of crops and livestock depredation from wildlife should be controlled by the park administration;
- 31. (b) Slightly more than 4% of local people and five percent of park staffs suggested that shooting rights should be given to the locals to protect their crops and livestock against wildlife; (c) Only 6.13% of the local people suggested the exercise of rights to gather fuel wood, leaf litter, grass cutting and livestock grazing by the local people should not be restrained by the park administration; and (d) Just 2.36% of the local people suggested that charcoal making by local iron-tool makers in the forest should be permitted by the park administration. 4.2.2. Opinion Concerning Permit Guidelines In identifying the causes of conflicts, it was necessary to assess the respondents' perceptions about whether any of the existing permit guidelines for the concessions are too restrictive. To determine this perception, respondents were asked "do you think any of the permit guidelines are too restrictive?". Mean score between 1 and 1.50 indicate the group perception of existing permit guidelines are restrictive and a score higher than 1.50 indicates group perception as not restrictive. The results are summarized in the Table 4.10. 1. The park staff group (mean score = 2.0) and the local people group (mean score = 1.61) perceived that the existing permit guidelines for the concessions are not restrictive. 2. No significant difference between the mean score of local people, whereas the difference between the mean score for the park staff and other two groups is significant. Respondents who answered that the existing permit guidelines for concessions are too restrictive were asked to comment on "which concessions are they referring to and what changes do they want to recommend" Results for concessions referred to and changes recommended by the respondents are:
- 32. (a) More than nine percent of the local people and five percent of the office-heads stated that the present rate of royalty for construction timber should be reduced by 20 to 50% for the local poor so that they could construct or repair their houses; (b) More than 13% of the local people and 10%of the office-heads stated that timber for the construction of agricultural tools (such as handles of shovels, sickles and digging tools) should be provided free of cost; (c) More than 5% of the local people suggested that Nigalo (bamboo) for weaving bamboo-mats and baskets for domestic use should be provided free of cost from the park administration; (d) Nearly 3% of the local people recommended that the permit duration for bamboo collection should be extended to mote than one month in a year (usually 7to 15 days in Winter are permitted for collection bamboo); and (e) Only 1.42% of the local people recommended that the requirements relating to issuing of permits for hotel businesses inside the park area be consistent and explicit, in order that all interested local people might have equal opportunity to be a hotelier. In addition to the above discussed concessions and changes recommended by the respondents, another open-ended question asked “what additional concessions should be granted to local people?”. Opinions concerning additional concessions offered by the respondents are: (a) Eight percent of both the local people and park staff and five percent of the office- heads offered their opinions that electric power should be provided to locals as an alternative for fuel wood. (b) More than 16% of the local people, and 4.84% of the park staff stated that constructed timber should be provided to the locals on the basis of needs assessment; (c) Nearly 18% of the local people, and 4.84% of the park staff suggested that fuel wood efficient stoves should be provided to locals at a nominal cost from the park
- 33. administration and axes should be permitted in the forest for the preparation of firewood from dead and dying tress (this is restricted by the present park regulation); (d) Nearly 10% of the local people and 4.84% of the park staff offered the idea that wild-pig framing should be introduced in the local community as an alternative fro income generation; (e) Over 13% of the local people, 5% of the office heads and 8% of the park staff suggested the establishment of a community development fund through tourist contribution for hiring watchmen to drive wild animals from the croplands. 4.2.3. Awareness of Illegal Activities inside the Park Area As a last part of the topic of identifying the causes of conflict, respondents were asked about their awareness of offences being committed in the park. They were asked to tick the appropriate boxes to show whether they were aware to offenders being prosecuted, warned or unreported. Results have been summarized as follows: A. About 39% of the park staff, 11.32 percent of the local people responded that they were aware of prosecutions for offenses related to “poaching” inside the park area. Just over 30% of the park staff, 10% of the office heads and 1.42% of the local people reported that they were aware of warnings being given to offenders in lieu of prosecution. 1.61% of park staff reported that they were aware of “poaching” inside the park area, which was unreported to authorities. This information indicates that park staffs were much more aware of offences related to “poaching” inside the Park area than were local people or office-heads. B. Slightly more than 29% of the park staff, 13.68 percent of the local people reported that they were aware of prosecutions for offenses related to “timber cutting without a permit” inside the park area. About 21% of the park staff, and 2.83% of the local people reported that they were aware of warnings being given to offenders in lieu of
- 34. prosecution. About21% of park staff reported that they were aware of “timber cutting without a permit” being unreported to authorities. This information indicates that park staff were much more aware of offences related to “timber cutting without a permit” inside the Park area than were local people or office- heads. C. About 21% of the park staff, 2.36 percent of the local people were aware of prosecutions for offenses related to “lighting forest fires” inside the park area. More than 24% of the park staff, and 1.41% of the local people reported that they were aware of warnings being given to offenders in lieu of prosecution. Nearly 42% of park staff, 19.34% of local people reported that they were aware of “lighting forest fires” being unreported to authorities. These results also indicates that park staff were much more aware of offences related to “lighting forest fires” inside the Park area than were local people or office-heads. D. More than 22% of the park staff and 4.25 percent of the local people were aware of prosecutions for offenses related to “collecting minor forest products without a permit” inside the park area. Also more than 22% of the park staff, and 2.83% of the local people reported that they were aware of warnings being given to offenders in lieu of prosecution. Nearly 21% of park staff, reported that they were aware of “collecting minor forest products without a permit” being unreported to authorities. Similarly, as with the results of preceding issues, these results also indicates that park staff were much more aware of offences related to “collecting minor forest products without a permit” inside the Park area than were local people or office-heads. Table 4.15 Analysis of Responses of Park Staff for Status of Local People with Whom They Came In Contact (Percentage In Parenthesis) Status of Local People Contacted by park Staff a. Local leader 21 (33.9%) b. Hoteliers/Retailers 1 (1.6%)
- 35. c. Farmers 4 (6.5%) d. All of the above 36 (58.0%) Total Response: 62 (100%) In response to a question asked of the park staff to list any difficulties they have encountered in their dealings with local people, 17.74% of the park staff stated that the local people don’t cooperate with park staff by following the park regulation properly. The question was asked of the park staff “Do you have suggestions as to how some of these difficulties might be overcome?”. In response to the question, 25.81 % of the park staff suggested conservation education fro the local people and 9.68% of the park staff suggested regular visit to the local people by the park staff. The purpose of the visits would be to promote positive relationship between the park administration and the local population and then the local people could easily be persuaded to follow the park regulations. 4.2.4. Analysis Of Responses Of Office-Heads And Local People To Determine The Level Of Interaction Between The Park Staff And The Local People Of the 125 local people, 80 (80%) and 18 (90%) out of the 3 office-heads responded to the question asked of “Do you come in contact with park personnel?”. The results of analysis of the frequency of contacts in a single year have been summarized in Table 4.16. 4.2.5. Analysis Of Responses Of Local People For Contact With The Park Staff In Single Year (Percentage In Parenthesis) Responded by: Once 2-5 times 6-10 times More than Total 10 times Local people 21 (10.9) 61 (31.6) 15 (7.8) 277(39) 174(90.2) Both the local people were asked to specify the circumstances of contact with the park staff. The results were:
- 36. (1) More than 44 % of the local people stated for “getting permits for forest products”; (2) More than 17 % of the local people stated that they encountered park staff while the park staff were patrolling inside the park areas; (3) About 12 % of the local people stated that they usually come in contact with park staff while park staff came to the village for shopping; (4) Slightly more than two percent of the local people and 50% of the office-heads stated that there was contact with the park staff while they were participation in a conservation education conference organized by the park office; (5) A small (1.55)% of the local people stated that there was contact with park staff while the park staff visit the villagers to distribute bamboo permits; Chapter Five Understanding Sources of Conflict The sources of conflicts between park administration and the park's resources dependent people have been shown in the previous chapter. This chapter is devoted to the discussion of those results. 5.0 Level of understanding of the purpose of BNP by the local people, Park Staff and the office-heads
- 37. The main reason for the aggravation of conflicts between park administration and the park's resource dependent human population in the mountain parks of Nepal could be a lack of understanding or agreement on the part of the local people about the purposes of the National park. To test this assumption, this research proposed a series of statements for establishing the apparent level of understanding and agreement of local people, park staff and office-heads regarding these purposes. The majority of the sample of local people indicated that their area of strongest agreement was for "the conservation of plants and habitat of endangered wildlife such as rhinoceros and elephant" and "the conservation of religious and cultural sites", but 17 percent answered, "don't know" to the second proposition. The results also indicate that local people are in agreement with the propositions: (a) the control of floods, landslides and soil erosion by protecting watershed in the area. ; (d) enhancing local and national income through tourism; (e) providing indirect benefit through tourism to the local people (by maintaining trails and controlling pollution) and (f) providing opportunities for educational and scientific studies. Nine (a), 21 (d), 29 (e) and 62 (f) percent of the group said, "don't know" to the above purposes. These levels of understanding of the purpose of Bardiya National Park by the local people suggest that the local inhabitants are well aware of the importance of conservation of the existing plant resources and the habitat of endangered wildlife species and watershed protection roles of the Park. However, the number of "Don't Knows", which ranges from nine to 62 percent for several of the propositions, suggests that there is considerable scope for programs, which could increase public awareness. The role of the Park in providing opportunities for "educational and scientific studies" has not been seen by local people as an important "purpose" and many locals are either not convinced about the roles of tourism, are not affected by it, or do not understand its ramifications. The park staff group expressed "strong agreement" on propositions for (a) control of floods, soil erosion and protecting watersheds (b) the conservation of plants and wildlife habitat and (d) enhancing local and national income through tourism. A small percentage (1.61) of the group answered "Don't Know" to proposition (a). They expressed "agreement" on the other propositions: (c) the conservation of religious and cultural sites; (e) providing indirect local benefit through tourism and (f) providing opportunities for educational and scientific studies. Nearly five percent of the group answered "Don't
- 38. Know" to proposition (f). The office-heads expressed "agreement" on all propositions and just five percent of the group had a "Don't Know" response to proposition (c). The park staff, and local people to a greater or lesser extent agree with the park's supposes as stated. Therefore, the basic purposes of the Bardiya National Park do not appear to be an issue per se. However, the fact is that the level of agreement is highest for park staff because they are directly involved with the park's promotion and management, then progressively lower for those groups who are affected by its restrictions. In terms of all the other issues, these results suggest that the actual commitment of local people to park values/purposes is less for purposes other than for the conservation of the existing plant resources and the habitat of endangered wildlife species. Notwithstanding the fact that there are certain levels of consensus over "purposes", this is not sufficient to say that conflict between the park administration and the local populations should therefore be minimal. The areas of the causes of conflicts need to be further examined. 5.1 Causes of Conflicts Responses of local people indicate that they have perceived a loss of benefits for the people living inside and around the park boundary since the park was established and formal rules to protect its resources were put in place. Local people, as well as office-heads and to a lesser extent park staff, have perceived a loss of benefits [Table 4.4. (a). The chi-square analysis of responses [Table 4.4 (b)] indicates no significant difference is this perception between local people and office- heads. The difference in perception between park staff and the other two groups is significant. Park staffs do not recognize the degree of "loss of benefits" to the same extent, as do the local people and office-heads. The differences in perceptions of park staff with the other two groups are potential sources of conflict between the park administration and the local population. 5.1.1 Park-People Conflicts Because of a Loss of Benefits of the Local People due to the Establishment of BNP
- 39. The sample of the study population who perceived a loss of benefits due to the establishment of Bardiya National Park, listed benefits lost: (1) Fifty-two percent of the local people living inside and around the park boundaries listed lost benefits as crop and livestock depredation by wildlife; (2) Slightly more than five percent of the local people listed the loss of freedom to collect fuel wood, leaf litter and grasses from the forest as the second ranked loss; and (3) Nearly two percent of the local people noted a loss of freedom for charcoal making for local iron-tool makers in the Using response scores for classifying the perceptions of office-heads and park staff about benefits lost by local people, 45 percent of the office-heads and nearly 39 percent of park staff were in agreement that a lost benefit was crop and livestock depredation by wildlife. o park staff of office-heads noted other benefits lost and the number of locals who reported these was not large, but when talking about conflict, the number does not need to be large. Therefore, every source of conflict should be clearly examined and measured for resolution should be sought. During my fieldwork, it became evident that because of crop and livestock depredation by wildlife such as wild-pigs, monkeys and deer species, these animals that raid fields and consume crops are increasingly viewed as agricultural pests (local people and park staff, pers. comm. 1991). Wild-pigs' preferred habitat is forest and thick scrubland with open meadows, fields and moist grasslands (Jackson, 1990). They are widespread in the Bardiya National Park area. Wild-pigs are omnivorous and cause much damage by rooting for tubers as they turn soil over in large areas. They are often aggressive and are usually nocturnal, spending the daytime sleeping in wooded ravines or dense shrub thickets. Thus, crop-fields were almost always raided during the night or early morning (local people, pers, comm. 19991).
- 40. The Himalayan black bear posed a potentially more serious threat to the safety of people attempting to defend their fields. The most severe problems occurred in areas with close proximity to extensive tracts of forests, which are ideal habitat for wildlife (Yonzon, pers. comm. 1992). It was also noted that in some areas around the Bardiya National Park buckwheat, wild- pigs, monkeys and deer repeatedly destroyed barley and fruits. Each of these examples are reasons why the local people could believe that in terms of National Park philosophy, they and their crops are less important than the wildlife within the park area. If crop and livestock depredation is not in some way clearly recognized as an issue by the park administration, the conflict is likely to remain. 5.1.2 Possible Solutions to the Problems of Park-people Conflicts Due to a Loss of Benefits of the Local People The majority of respondents suggested that the problems of crop and livestock loss due to wildlife should be controlled by park administration. Some respondents (4.25 percent of local people) suggested that shooting rights should be given to the locals to protect their crops and livestock against wildlife. Nearly 10 percent of the local people and 4.84 percent of the park staff have suggested the introduction of wild-pig farming in the local community as an alternative for income generation. In a interview with Mr. Swongchhanam Lama (former national panchayat member), in response to a question regarding the solution of the wild-pig problem, he said: Wild-pigs are clearly a major crop predator and a threat to the livelihood of the local people. A potential solution to this problem is for the park management to allow trapping of young wild-pigs for domestic farming by the interested local people and the hunting of old ones to control the wild-pig population as suggested by the respondents. This could have economic benefits from meat recovery as well as reducing the crop depredation problem of the local people. As discussed earlier, the concept of "physical buffers" such as the erection of fences and digging of trenches to protect the local people's stock and crop against wildlife damage
- 41. are inappropriate because of their costs and subsequent likelihood of soil erosion in mountainous sites in the Bardiya National Park area. The need for, and usefulness of the other two types of buffers in term of land-use zoning for the development of forest resources and managing the over-increased numbers of wildlife species in their protected habitats will be discussed in more detail in a subsequent section. 5.2. Concessions to the Local People for Access to Certain Park Resources People living within the Bardiya National Park area and immediately outside the park boundaries were utilizing park resources (such as pasture land, fuel wood, fodder and grasses associated with livestock husbandry, construction timber and bamboo) for many years before the establishment of the Park. Restrictions on traditional rights of resources use can contribute to conflicts if the historical privileges of local people are seen to be interfered with by the park administration. 5.2.1 Opinions Concerning Permit Guidelines for Concessions to Utilize Park Resources Slightly more than 74 percent of the park staff, 51.89 percent of the local people offered their opinions regarding the following concessions covered by existing permit guidelines: – To collect fuel wood without permit. – To cut timber for construction materials with a permit – To graze cattle/sheep/goats without permit. – To collect nigalo (bamboo) with a permit and other forest product such as fodder and bedding materials for cattle without permit. 5.3.1 Tourism Development and Formulation of a Planning Strategy The great landscape – the Himalayas, hills, valleys, snow, glaciers, rivers, lakes, forest and wildlife – forms a class of natural resources that can attract a great number of tourists to the park. Sensitive exploration of these tourism products is capable of providing a high
- 42. level of satisfaction for visitors. Living cultures, artistic and architectural features, festivals distinction for local features, fairs, exhibits and heterogeneous ethnic groups in the area are added attractions. These attractions provide an additional focus for tourism development in the area. The forest resources in the park area should protect and stabilize the land and therefore conserve the existing landscape. They should also support bio- diversity and enable natural processes to proceed without undue human interference. CHAPTER SIX CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 6.1 General Conclusions 1. Local people, park staff and office-heads all agree to some extent as to the purposes of BNP. The purposes per se, do not appear to be an area of conflict between park administration and the local population. Rather, the source of conflict lies in the degree, or strength of conviction and beliefs about the purposes, and the extent to which individuals or groups are negatively impacted by the policies, which are associated with these purposes. 2. This study has identified some of the consequential sources of “park-people Conflict in BNP”. Possible measures for their resolution are summarized as follows: (a) Crop depredation by wild-pigs and elephants is a major source of conflict. This problem could be solved by the park administration introducing a procedure of domestic farming of wild-pigs by capturing the young, and massive culling of mature pigs. The adoption of this procedure would be helpful in providing economic benefits to the local people from meat recovery. (b) In addition to wild-pigs, other crop and livestock predators such as deer species, monkey, Himalayan black bear and leopards are another sources of resentment by the local people. These could be controlled through declaration and management of buffer zones, which act as ecological barriers to restrict wildlife movement
- 43. from core protection zones to cultivated lands. The buffer can be delineated by adopting appropriate land-use zoning procedures, which consider utilizing the existing open marginal and forested, lands that are currently not managed for any particular purpose. The planting of fodder, firewood and fiber species should be carried out to enrich the remnant vegetation in these areas. This would give an added layer of protection to the protected area itself and act as a transition zone where the park's resource dependent human population could manage resources for multiple use purposes. (c) Local people who are dependent on park resources have received concessions to harvest from the Park Forest areas. Continuation of these concessions in the future, can promote a dependence on the park’s resources that will eventually grow beyond sustainability. Notwithstanding these concessions, a small percentage of the local people argued that the “local poor” are unable to pay the royalty for construction timber and another small percentage of the local people claimed a shortage of essential forest resources such as fuel wood, construction timber and bamboo. Despite poverty being a chronic current situation amongst the local people in the BNP area, this has been traditionally balanced somewhat by their utilization of forest resources available in close proximity to their settlements. When the shortage of essential forest resources increases simultaneously with poverty, desperate residents exert more pressure on the core protection areas of the park’s forests to fight for their survival. As a result, the tension between the park administration and the local population will increases in the future. To overcome these problems, the park administration should implement programs to produce and supplement forest resources in buffer zones and other open land around the national park by intensifying land use. The local people’s participation through planting trees should be encouraged through adopting community forestry management policies. The existing concessions should be continued on a short-term basis until long-term programs begin to yield results. Problems such as
- 44. resource distribution in the local community and the issue of “local poor” should be handed through the formation of user group committees at the local level. (d) There is not much perceived conflict as a result of the breaking of park laws and regulations by the local people. However, positive conservation attitudes are best fostered among the local people by fulfilling their basic needs such as food and shelter. To achieve this objective, the park management should introduce techniques of sustainable resource use through adoption of a community forest management program, exploitation of the benefit from slaughter of abundant wild-pigs as mentioned in conclusion no. 2, and the benefits from tourism development in the local community. These could combine to alleviate the existing “basic needs problems” of the local people. Thereafter, and conservation values, is essential to enhance their positive altitudes towards the park management. (3) Tourism is seen as a source of national and local income in the BNP area. The majority of the respondents have perceived no negative impacts of tourism. Not recognizing the possibilities of negative impacts of tourism could be a problem in the future if further growth of unplanned tourism is accepted. Therefore, adoption of appropriate tourism planning and management practices is essential to minimize possible negative impacts and maximize positive ones. (4) The majority of the local people and the park staff are recognized by each other. The majority of the local people also reported that the park staffs are helpful and friendly to them. In future, facilitating more purposeful interaction between park staff and the local people, e.g., village dialogues for more meaningful exchange of knowledge would be a substantial contribution to the solution of park-people related problems. When people are included in the planning process and encouraged to be involved in the management of protected areas it is less likely that they will break the laws, which they have helped enact.
- 45. 6.2 Recommendations 1. Establish wild-pig farming by capturing young pigs. This should be accompanied by massive culling of mature pigs. Further study regarding the practical difficulties of this recommendation is desirable before implementation. 2. “Buffer-zones” in terms of land use zoning should be introduced as a potential solution to the following two problems: a. Crop and livestock depredation by wildlife due to their free movement from core habitat areas to human settlement areas; and b. To provide access for the local people to forest resources in future by cultivating essential forest resources in the buffer areas through community forestry programs. Although a study of successful trials in other mountain areas could reduce delays in the implementation of community forestry programs, more practical studies should be carried out. In particular, there is a need to study the use of programs for delineating buffer zones in different ecological areas, where different types of land use practices are already employed. 2. Despite the facts that the majority of the respondents in the Park area perceives no negative impacts from tourism, morning and research is needed to ensure that tourism planning takes full account of the potential negative impacts of developments in the future. 3. Studies are undertaken to determine the forms of desirable and or/essential interactions between park staff and the local people to ensure that decisions on park-people related problems would indeed be representatives of all parties concerned. 4. The planning and execution of the research leading to this thesis has highlighted the need for further research, and policy development. The survey instruments designed for this study were not intended to elicit information, which would lead to
- 46. a detailed set of recommendations. Further information will therefore need to be gathered to enable the development and implementation of the proposals identified from the research. In this study, a comprehensive review of recent literature has highlighted the growing concern for preserving ecological representative ness through the establishment of national parks and protected areas. In many countries, national park and protected area systems are established and supported by governments to meet national and international obligations in terms of bio-diversity. Conflicts arise due to economic costs and benefits of the parks and protected areas for different interest groups. The resultant conflicts in different countries are fuelled by the varied approaches taken by the managers and administrators in addressing the concerns of the different interest groups. Despite the intent of national parks that exist primarily to preserve bio-diversity BNP in Nepal has included many human settlements within its boundaries. Here, thousands of individuals are trying to survive by utilizing the park’s resources. However, the study of three different groups of key respondents has indicated their general agreement on the purposes of the park for preserving bio-diversity in the central Himalayan region. Nevertheless, some differences amongst groups about these purposes and consequential conflicts have been discovered through this research. The sources of conflict between the park administration and its resources dependent local population, and possible measures identified for the resolution of these conflicts, have been explored in this study. Where two opposite interests exist for an area; i.e., park administration who want to preserve the natural resources and desperate local people who need these resources for their survival, there will always remain the potential for conflict. Solutions to these conflicts would seem to rely on the development of alternative resources for the local people or compromising by diluting of reducing the preservation objective of the park. To implement plans, policies and procedures to enable these alternatives to be investigated the cooperation and involvement of local people must be deliberately and enthusiastically sought. In this way, the full potential of Bardiya National Park to achieve its twin goals of
- 47. maintaining viable and unique bio-diversity as well as meeting the needs of local people in the future may be seen as realistic and achievable. Bibliography Allin, C.W., 1990. Introduction: National Parks and Nature Reserves in Global Perspective. In International Handbook of National Parks and Nature Reserves. Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, U.S.A. Atmosoedarjo, S. L. Daryadi, J. Mackinnon & P. Hillegers, 1984. National Parks and Rural Communities. In J.A.Mc Neely and K.R. Miller (eds), National Parks, Conservation and Development. IUCN, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
- 48. Babbie, E., 1989. The Practice of Social Research. Fifth Edition, Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont, Calfornia, Inc., U.S.A. Belbase N. and D.C. Regmi, 1998. Comparative Analysis of Decentralisation and (Communiaty) Forestry Legislation. ICIMOD, Kathmandu Bell D., H. Raiffa & A. Tversky 1989. (Eds.), Decision Making: Descriptive, Normative and Prescriptive Interactions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Benda-Beckmann F., 1999. Between Free Riders & Free Raiders: Property Rights and Soil Degradation in Context. Paper presented in International Workshop on Economic Policy Reforms and Sustainable Land Use in LDCs: Recent Advances in Quantative Analysis, June 30 to July2, 1999. Wageningn: WUR Benda-Beckmann F., K. Benda Beckmann, R. Pradhan and H.L. Spiertz., 1997. Local Law and Customary Practice in the Study of Water Rights. In: Water Rights, Conflict and Policy. Proceding of Workshop held in Kathmandu, Nepal. Jan. 22-24, 1996. Pp 221-42 Bennet L., 1983. Dangerous Wives and Sacred Sisters. New York: Columbia University Press Bhatia A. 1995 (Ed.). Seminar on Conflicts Resolution in Natural Resources. Kathmandu: Nepal Mediation Group/ICIMOD. Participatory NRM Programme Appendix 1 Sample Questionnaires for both the Park Authority and Local People of the Study Area i. Name of the respondent ii. Religion iii. Education iv. Marital status
- 49. v. Occupation vi. Sex vii. Age viii. Family size 1. Since when you are living in this area? 2. How much land do you have? 3. How far is the land from your house and park boundary? 4. What are the crops you grow in your land? 5. What are the importance /benefit you think of wild life Reserve? Please rank them. 6. What are the problems you have faced from Reserve side? a. Crop damage: i. Generally which animal visits your field? ii. When do they usually visit? iii. How often do they visit? iv. In which season do the reserve animals mostly damage the crop? v. What are the techniques you do apply to minimize the crop damage be wild animals? vi. How often your techniques help to chase away the reserve animals? vii. What is your opinion regarding the crop damage per year by wild animals is increasing? viii. What is your experience how do the park authority deal to your complain regarding this loss of the crops by wild animals? b. Human casualty: i. How often do the reserve animals attack in your area ? ii. Whom you know best the wild animals had ever attacked? iii. Describe the situation when the person was attacked. iv. What is the system to help the victim as medical support? 7. What are the benefits lost due to the establishment of BNP and rank them in order of importance (a being the most important benefits lost) a. b. c.
- 50. d. 8. What could be possible solutions to these problems? a. b. c. 9. Do the local people living inside the park receive concessions from the park administration to utilize certain park resources? (Please tick one) ( ) Yes ( ) No ( ) don't know (If No/ don't know, go to Q. 12) 10. If yes, what are the concessions? (Tick all appropriate answers) (a) ( ) to collect fuel wood through permits; (b) ( ) to cut timber for construction materials through permit; (c) ( ) to graze their cattle/goats through permit; (d) ( ) to collect other forest products such as nigalo (bamboo), fodder and bedding materials for cattle, etc.; (e) ( ) others (please specify): 11. Do the villagers living outside the park boundary also receive concessions? (please tick one) ( ) Yes ( ) No ( ) Don't know (If No/Don't know, go to Q. 15 ) 12. If yes, what are the concessions? (Tick all appropriate answers) (a) ( ) to collect fuel wood through permits; (b) ( ) to cut timber for construction materials through permit; (c) ( ) to graze their cattle/goats through permit; (d) ( ) to collect other forest products such as nigalo (bamboo), fodder and bedding materials for cattle, etc.; (e) ( ) others (please specify): 13. Do you think that any of the permit guidelines for the above concessions are too restrictive? (Please tick one) ( ) Yes ( ) No (c)Don't know
- 51. (If No/Don't know, go to Q. ) 14. Which concessions are you referring to and what changes do you want to recommend? Concessions Changes recommended .................................... ............................................................. ....................................... ........................................................ ....................................... ................................................... ....................................... ................................................... 15. From the table below, are you aware of any of the following offenses being committed in the reserve? If yes, tick the appropriate boxes on the right to show whether they were prosecuted, warned or unreported. Leave blank if you are not aware of an offence: Offence Prosecuted Warned Unreported Don't know a. Poaching b. timber cutting without permit c. Collecting firewood without permit d. lighting forest fire e. grazing cattle without permit f. collecting other minor forest products without permit g. Other(Please specify) (If nothing ticked on above table, go to Q.17) 16. How often do you think the above mentioned offenses occur in a single year (tick one box for each offence): a. Poaching: ( ) never ( ) once ( ) 2-5 ( ) 6-10 ( ) more than 10 b. timber cutting without permit: ( ) never ( )once ( ) 2-5
- 52. ( ) 6-10 ( ) more than 10 c. Collecting firewood without permit: ( ) never ( ) once ( ) 2-5 ( ) 6-10 ( ) more than 10 d. lighting forest fires: ( ) never ( )once ( ) 2-5 ( ) 6-10 ( ) more than 10 e. grazing cattle, sheep, goats without permit: ( ) never ( ) once ( ) 2-5 ( ) 6-10 ( ) more than 10 f. Collecting other minor forest products without permit: ( ) never ( ) once ( ) 2-5 ( ) 6-10 ( ) more than 10 g. other (Please specify offenses and frequency) : --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17. What other concessions should be granted to local people? ------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------- 18. How often do you come in contact with park personnel? ( ) once a year ( ) 2-5 times a year ( ) 6-10 times a year ( ) more than 10 times a year 19. In what circumstances do you (usually) come in contact with park personnel ? ................................................... 20. With whom (park staff) did you talk to or come in contact ? Please specify their designation: .................................................... ...................................................... 21. Please list any difficulties you have encountered in your dealing eith park personnel. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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3. Thesis proposal
3. Thesis Proposal
By the end of the second week of classes during the semester in which you are actually enrolled for thesis, you will be expected to submit a brief proposal to your thesis advisor, specifying more fully your research question, methods, and schedule for completion of thesis work.
Advisors may vary in terms of their particular expectations for the thesis proposal, but generally you will be expected to specify a research question, offer a preliminary review of scholarly literature related to that question, detail how you plan to gather evidence to answer the research question, and indicate how you plan to distribute this work across the semester.
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Sample Undergraduate Sociology Dissertation Proposal
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Assessing Gender Roles in Family- Have they Changed Over the Past Ten Years?
Gender roles are defined by society’s social and cultural norms . In many communities, family systems are based on gender roles, and these gender roles help the family member to run the family with responsibilities. But the family structure and gender roles are changed in this modern era.
This research study will investigate the importance of gender roles in the family and how they have changed in the last ten years. Gender roles have been changing in society in the past years, so it would be assumed that traditional gender roles might not exist. This study will take a closer look at the difference between gender roles how they have changed in ten years.
Gender roles differ between individuals based on religion, ideology, gender, and family background. In 2010, the development of technology-enabled women to be more empowered and express their feelings. Now, Gender roles have been changing in the family. And this sudden change in the dominant male society has led to many family troubles.
Background and rationale
A massive change has been witnessed in how men and women behave and express their opinions regarding work and family life from the recent decade. Gender roles are defined by society’s social and cultural norms . In many cultures or societies, the family system is based on gender roles, and these gender roles help the family member to run the family with responsibilities.
But now, our modern life has changed the family structure and associated gender roles. The gender gap has been almost diminished and has created an equal society and families. Ever since humans began living in civilizations, the difference between male gender and female gender began and implicated specific responsibilities and lifestyles for each gender.
For example, in older times, hunting was the only way of living; thus, male family members took over the role of hunters and supplied food while female members were homemakers and cooks (Sweeting et al., 2014). Masculinity helped the male gender to dominate society.
But now the time has changed, and females are empowered and have the almost equal status of men. They live independently without men’s help, and this newly gained power has defined new gender roles in the family, which has also resulted in conflicts in the family.
Past research on this topic was related to the differences in gender roles and self-concept or future relationships. This study aims to examine the gender role in a family, the importance of gender roles, and how they have changed in the last ten years. Research on this topic will give the background on the gender roles in a family and provide a starting point for further research.
Research aims
The main aim of this study is to investigate the gender roles in the family. Gender roles are cultural beliefs of how roles are divided into society by gender. Gender roles have been changing in society in the past years, so it would be assumed that traditional gender roles might not exist. This study will take a closer look at the difference between gender roles how they have changed in ten years.
Research objectives
This study will cover the following objectives
- To find are gender roles. How these gender roles affect the lives of men and women?
- Identify gender roles in the family and in which conditions these roles change.
- To assess the impact of gender roles and attitudes in a family conflict.
- To identify the differences between men and women based on unequal opportunities/ resources.
- To analyze the change in gender roles from the last ten years.
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Literature review
Gender is parallel to the biological division of sex into male and female, but it also involves the social valuation of masculinity and femininity . Humans create the concept of gender through their interactions and behavior in society, yet it relies upon the biological differences between men and women.
Gender roles that men and women are expected to inhabit based on their sex. Gender roles differ between individuals based on religion, ideology, gender, and family background. For example, in many western societies, it has been believed that women are more nurturing than men. This point of view specifies the traditional gender role of women that women should behave in nurturing ways.
Similarly, men are considered leaders, so men’s traditional role is to be the head of their family by providing financially and making important family decisions. In 2010, the development of technology-enabled women to be more empowered and express their feelings.
Now, Gender roles have been changing in the family. And this sudden change in the dominant male society has led to many family troubles. A Pew Research survey showed that the public has different views about the changing gender roles in the family. Women working may be helpful financially, but it has not shown positive effects on marriage and children. 74% say it has made it harder for parents to raise children (PEW, 2013).
And half of the adults say that this has made it harder for marriages to be successful. Compared with the public reviews in 1997, almost 82% said that it had made it harder for parents to raise children (compared with74% today), and 67 percent said that it had made it harder for marriages to work (compared with 50 percent today) (PEW, 2013).
Gender roles in the family are closely associated with parenthood. But today, both parents work and enjoy financial independence. Parenting impacts the work-life of both men and women. For example, men usually try to strengthen or increase their family’s financial provision by expanding their working hours, and women take leave formwork to take care of their child and stay at home (Oláh et al., 2018).
The development of women’s roles has made a new gender revolution (Goldscheider et al., 2015). Many studies have shown that gender roles and family patterns are interconnected. The evolution of female labor force participation and rising participation of women in economic independence has been the leading cause of family change .
But in many family’s men work, and women manage the household chores; this has also caused some tensions between partners due to the transfer of work stress to the family by men and less involvement in household chores, leading to marital conflict . Men used to enjoy being the family’s breadwinner, and now, with this change, men feel displaced when their wives earn more than them, and unemployed husbands feel angry and sometimes lose their tempers and hit wives and children. This conflict increases distress and frustration between couples .
In almost every culture, the family systems are based on gender roles, and these gender roles help them to run the family with responsibilities. With the world evolving, these roles are also changing, and holding on to the old century traditions and lifestyle will only worsen the situation.
Methodology
This research study will be analyzed using a secondary method. Qualitative research will be carried out to study the gender roles in a family and their importance and how they have changed in the last ten years. Secondary data will be collected using websites, published articles, reports, and other authentic sources. It will help to obtain a strong understanding of the topic.
Research limitations
This research might have some limitations since the collected data will consist of a specific number of people, so the sample may not represent the population. This study will have a little cultural diversity, so it may not apply to all cultures.
If you need assistance with writing your dissertation proposal, our professional dissertation proposal writers are here to help!
In middle-class families, men were usually aspired to own a comfortable house and marry a woman with strong moralities who would take responsibility and raise well-behaved children. The duties of men and women in middle-class families were clearly defined in a separate area.
The husband was considered the head of their family by providing financially and making important family decisions, and women were responsible for caring for the house and raising children. But the development of women’s role has created a new gender revolution (Goldscheider et al., 2015).
The change in gender role in the family is more affected by women’s work engagement. This has also caused some negative impact on marital life as some men don’t want their wives to work. The gender roles vary from culture to culture as people from different cultures or societies have a different mindset.
Bibliography
Becker, G. S., 1991. A Treatise on the family. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Blackstone, A. M., 2003. Gender Roles and Society. In: J. R. Miller, R. M. Lerner, L. B. Scgiamberg & P. M. Anderson, eds. The Encyclopedia of human ecology. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, pp. 335-338.
Cerrato, J. & Cifre, E., 2018. Gender Inequality in Household Chores and Work-Family Conflict. Frontiers in Psychology, Volume 9.
Goldscheider, F., Bernhardt, E. & Lappegård, T., 2015. The Gender Revolution: A Framework for Understanding Changing Family and Demographic Behavior. Population and Development Review, 41(2), pp. 207-239.
Oakley, A., 1972. Sex, Gender, and Society. New York: Harper and Row.
Oláh, L. S., Kotowska, I. E. & Richter, R., 2018. The New Roles of Men and Women and Implications for Families and Societies. A Demographic Perspective on Gender, Family, and Health in Europe, pp. 41-64.
PEW, 2013. Pew Research Center. [Online] Available at: https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/05/29/chapter-2-public-views-on-changing-gender-roles/#fn-17132-7 [Accessed 3 January, 2021].
Sweeting, H. et al., 2014. Changing gender roles and attitudes and their implications for well-being around the new millennium.
Social Psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 49(5), pp. 791-809.
Westman, M. & Etzion, D. l., 2006. The Crossover of Work‐Family Conflict From One Spouse to the Other. Journal of applied social psychology, 35(9).
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Thesis Option
Contact the department of sociology.
If you wish to pursue a more academic or research-oriented career, the thesis option will provide you with valuable experience.
Graduate Committee
You will be required to submit a thesis proposal to your graduate committee for their approval. If they give you their approval, they will sign the Permission to Register Form. You must submit a thesis proposal to your committee the semester prior to registering for thesis hours.
The thesis you are planning to write should influence your decision about the faculty serving on your graduate committee. You should enlist committee members with expertise in the area you will be pursuing in your thesis.
Once your committee approves your proposal, you will file the Permission to Register Form, pursue research activity related to your thesis, and complete the final document.
When the committee approves the final work, a meeting is scheduled and the thesis is presented to interested faculty for their approval. Six credit hours will be included on your program of study for the thesis when the requirements have been fulfilled and a copy of the thesis is on file in the graduate office.
Requirements to Begin Thesis
Before you register for graduate thesis credits (SOC 699), you must:
- have regular standing with the Graduate College—no student with provisional standing may register for thesis hours
- have completed all 31 hours of coursework required for the degree. Exception: If you must maintain “full-time” status, you may petition your graduate committee to admit you to register for thesis hours with 28 of coursework complete. However, you must take your final three units of coursework at the same time you are pursuing your thesis units.
- have formed a graduate committee (see Graduate Committee Policy in the Student Guide) and filed a signed Thesis/Internship Permission to Register Form
- have a cumulative grade point average of at least 3.0 on all graduate coursework have received approval of thesis proposal from your committee chair and committee members. have filed all approved documentation required with the graduate coordinator’s office
Recommendations for Thesis & Internship Process
Thesis Proposal
The thesis proposal includes:
- A statement of the problem/research question
- outlines the theoretical and substantive areas you plan to examine
- conveys your knowledge of the literature
- highlights theoretical frameworks, including key themes and concepts that you feel will help you understand your research question
- research design
- cases or subjects used (if applicable) sampling design
- data collection procedure
- validity and reliability of measurements
- data analysis procedure
- quantitative: specify statistical analyses planned, including statistical software
- qualitative: specify use of coding scheme, use of computer software in the analyses, historical documents, participant observation techniques, unobtrusive measures, etc.
- statement of limitations
- IRB approval (if applicable)
- Tentative calendar for completion for each phase or chapter, which enables coordination of deadlines and realistic turnaround time for rewrites
Thesis Proposal Example
After Proposal Approval
When your committee approves the proposal and signs the permission to register form, and you have registered for the thesis hours, you may then conduct the research activity related to the thesis and complete the final document.
Research involving human participants very often requires approval from the NAU Institutional Review Board .
Writing Your Thesis
Although all of these components constitute a thesis, you can be creative in how you title and organize your thesis—depending on the advice of your committee chair.
Thesis Example
Title Accordion Closed
The title should capture the primary purpose of your thesis; a search of key words should lead a researcher to your work.
Abstract Accordion Closed
An abstract is an overview that is about 300 words in length.
Introduction Accordion Closed
In the introduction, you will:
- introduce your topic
- provide a brief overview of literature you will draw on the methods you use clearly articulate your research question
Literature Review Accordion Closed
Your literature review should articulate the substantive areas of relevance to your topic as well as the theoretical frameworks you will draw on.
Substantive Areas
Here you review the literature on the particular subject area you are studying. For example, if you are studying racial segregation in cities, you will offer an overview of the major literature on racial segregation and discuss how your research connects with and potentially adds to that literature.
Theoretical Frameworks
Here you articulate the major theoretical lenses through which you will examine your topic—such as social psychology, social movement theory, or theories of the state, etc.
You may find yourself wanting to focus on a particular area of literature within a subfield; thus, instead of social psychology you may address symbolic interaction or labeling theory. Students are generally advised to focus on two to three theoretical frameworks of relevance.
How (and Why) to Write a Literature Review
https://www.everydaysociologyblog.com/2019/02/how-and-why-to-write-a-literature-review.html
Methods Accordion Closed
- What methods did you use to answer your research question
- What kind of data did you collect?
- What was your research design?
- How did you obtain your data?
- Indicate your level of analysis, your hypothesis or expectations, your sample or participants, etc.
- The data analysis depends on the methods section. Your method (e.g., survey research, in-depth interviews, participant observation, or a content analysis) determines how you will analyzed your data.
- Limitations: Describe the limitations of the methods you have used. Describe any other limitations of your study.
Findings and Discussion Accordion Closed
- Remind the reader what you set out to do
- Place your research in context.
- If you’ve conducted qualitative research, consider organizing your data into major themes and subthemes. Describe each theme and subtheme and use your qualitative findings to illustrate each.
- If you’ve conducted quantitative research, consider structuring your research findings based on your research questions and hypothesis.
- Discuss how you have answered the research question and how you position yourself within the overall field of knowledge.
- What is your interpretation of your findings? Don’t forget to use your critical thinking skills and sociological analysis.
- Return to the literature. What would the literature (both contextual and theoretical) say about your results? What kinds of questions does the literature raise for your consideration?
Conclusion Accordion Closed
Your conclusion brings your thesis together. Summarize your research findings and also note the limitations of your research. All research has limitations by definition of the focus. However, in addition to these, we generally discover approaches we wish we had taken in the course of doing our research.
It is important to convey these to the community of sociologists so they may anticipate these issues in their research. Furthermore, given your findings, suggest directions for future research and/or directions for social policy or social change.
Consider offering a powerful final message. What would you like the reader to most remember after reading your thesis?
Appendix Accordion Closed
Generally, appendices are used to share the instruments that you used in your research. Depending on your methods, this can include forms related to the Institutional Review Board, such as human subjects consent forms or your interview guides. Additionally, it may include your:
- templates relevant to your research
References Accordion Closed
Be sure to consult the American Sociological Association or the American Psychological Association formats. This will include all the substantive and methodological literature that you cite in your thesis, including:
- journal articles
- web pages with the dates you retrieved them
Formatting Your Thesis Accordion Closed
Review the forms on the Graduate College’s website for thesis formatting.
Defending Your Thesis Accordion Closed
When the committee approves the final work, you will schedule a defense, where you will present and discuss your thesis to your committee and interested faculty for their approval. For a successful defense:
Schedule a time that will work for all three committee members; Contact the SBS Dean’s Office at 928-523-2672 to reserve a room; Share this professional accomplishment with others by advertising the defense.
Master’s Oral Exam Form
The committee chair must request from the ETD Coordinator. Your committee will sign this form following your successful thesis defense. Take it to the department office so that a copy can be made and placed in your student file. Hand- carry the original to the Graduate College for processing.
Defense Model Accordion Closed
This is an example model. While it is up to each chair to decide how they wish to proceed with the thesis/internship defense, we encourage all chairs to consider the following:
Defense Format Recommendations
- Brief introductions
- Student presents for about 15 to 20-minutes (details below).
- Community members will have approximately 15 minutes to ask questions.
- Committee members will take turns asking you questions. (60 minutes)
- Student and other non-committee attendees will be asked to leave the room while the committee decides about the status of the thesis defense and discusses any further thesis revisions required. (5-20 minutes)
- Student and others return to the room. Committee shares official decision, discusses with student final revisions, and signs forms (Chair should bring these).
Presentation Recommendations
Student should plan on speaking for about 15-20 minutes to give an overview of thesis/internship project. Questions to address in presentation:
- What is the motivation that led you to this research?
- What was your research question?
- What were your methods and key findings? Were there any surprises?
- What literature and theories did you draw on?
- What is the significance of your research?
Encourage students to consider using a PowerPoint to offer clear visuals and highlight key points.
After a Successful Defense Accordion Closed
Six credit hours will be included on your program of study when: the thesis is approved by the chair and members of your committee the final copy is e-filed with the Graduate College office.
Department of Sociology
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How to Write a Research Proposal in Sociology That Can Make a Supervisor WOW?
Working on a research in sociology is pretty difficult especially when you lack decent experience in the sphere. The main stumbling block appears when a student has to draft a survey proposal to be approved by the supervisor.
What’s a research proposal in sociology? It is a short representation of the tested topic that guides a supervisor on how the survey is going to be performed and what results should be expected. If a survey proposal in sociology lacks proof or is too blurry, it won’t be approved, which means the supervisor won’t allow conducting the exploration. Thus, a bachelor’s, master’s or Ph.D. degree is under a threat. What we suggest is following the tips provided in this article to omit possible pitfalls and hand in a professionally-written proposal.
Table of contents
Define the Type of Your Research Proposal
There are two possible ways for you to go. Number one is creating a descriptive research proposal. Number two is working on an informative one. Inexperienced writers see no difference. Let us explain it all.
A descriptive research proposal deals with the overall overview of the issue to be studied, the goals of a writer, and a set of methods for completing an explorations in the top successful way. However, this type is deprived of any descriptive essence that allows you as a writer to draw any conclusions.
On the other hand, there’s an informative research proposal that is also referred to as a tiny version of the entire research paper. It actually deals with the writer’s motifs for the survey, addressed methods, possible results, and even implications.
Generally speaking, the tendency is that supervisors now are trying to step a bit aside from the first type and concentrate on the second one, which, we believe, is the right choice. Hereafter, we’ll uncover the secrets of drafting this sort of survey proposal in sociology.
Pick the Correct Topic!
Experts say that if you aren’t aware of what to start with, then you have to start from the very beginning. It sounds like a cliche, doesn’t it? But that is SO TRUE! Students spend much time trying to figure out what to write about. It seems that the Internet is filled with a huge number of topics for sociological research. But most of them pose no interest to the audience.
Try a quicker way
We’ve decided to share some possible directions on where to find research topics if you have found yourself stuck:
- Question your professor/supervisor for advice. He/she is surely knowledgeable in the sphere and has a few suggestions that can be developed in your research proposal in sociology.
- Watch more news on TV, read the news on social media to know what directions are really trendy and what topics are burning.
- Use brainstorming trying to remember what topics posed interest to you before and what you wanted to explore years ago.
In case you are still stuck and haven’t got any idea what to start with, we’ve made a number of topics in sociology that you may want to consider:
- Types of Modern Slavery;
- Harassment in Social Media: Who’s Suffering the Most?
- How Does Poverty Influence the Level of Education and Vice Versa?
- Competition Among Your Women: Who’s Making Us Mean?
- Foreign Education Is for Professional Success: True or False;
- The Effects of Fast Food on Society;
- Women vs Men, or Why Are We Differently Treated in Media, Social Interactions, and State Laws?
- The Age-Old Question: How Money Buy/Don’t Buy Happiness;
- International Perception of Marriage;
- The Effects of Increased Meat Consumption on the Environment;
- The Roots of Traditional Family Dinners and Their Popularity in Present Day;
- The Popularity of Social Media in Different Age Groups;
- How Do Families Influence the National Consciousness of Children?
- Children of the ’90s vs Children of the 2019 — The Unbelievable Differences;
- Why Modern Women Feel So Unhappy.
While choosing the topic for your research proposal in sociology, you may also want to consider a few other things including whether being too broad or specific. If you are going to broad, you may find yourself overwhelmed by a huge number of very different opinions. If you’re going to specific, you may lack data from previous researchers, thus you won’t be able to prove the significance of the subject.
If you are possessing any emotional response to the subject, you should not refuse from researching it. But you need to hold your strong emotional reactions under control and make sure they don’t influence the overall survey result. If that’s not easy for you, go looking for some professional advice at a research proposal writing service . They have vast experience when it comes to working on sociology papers of any complexity level.
Research Type as a Part of How to Write a Research Proposal in Sociology
There are two types of explorations that are commonly applied to survey proposals in sociology — qualitative vs quantitative. The qualitative approach helps a scientists build an overall understanding of the researched social phenomena by analyzing texts, communications, direct observations. This type of approach is known for laying stress on the contextual and subjective accuracy rather than the blurry principles.
The quantitative one is concentrated on dealing with a social phenomenon via proofs existing in a numeric form. The results according to a quantitative approach greatly depend on the figure and statistical analysis and lead to outcomes which are treated as more reliable.
How to Write a Research Proposal in Sociology According to the Format
Both the content and the structure of the study proposal convince the members of the committee of the relevance of the chosen topic and its research and of its potential contribution to the area of sociology.
A research proposal in sociology covers the identical components as any general piece, yet still, there are several differences you must know. We shall start explaining the structure step-by-step and providing the differences in the flow of the abstract.
1. State the question of your exploration
To create an emphasis of the exploration, you need to a conduct a profound testing of the question. The questions serve as a identification of the boundaries of your exploration. Draw attention to the fact that any survey committee gives preferences to a plain and straightforward question/title which communicates with readers and doesn’t provoke any disarray.
The stated question must answer these questions:
- Which topic are you working on?
- What methodology is planned to be used while studying it?
- What’s the hidden relevance of the subject?
- Does it have any implications on the area of sociology?
Even if you are picking a rather broad topic, you can use all the chances to narrow it down. Pick the juiciest (most interesting) slice and turn it into a new topic with the brightest ideas for research. How to do it? Take one minute and just write down what you really what to do: “I want to find out…”
2. Introduce the subject
In brief, that’s the introduction section which starts with telling the readers about the chosen subject in general and then focuses on the juiciest piece — the precise issue — that you’d like to research. Any of your choices must be supported by explaining to the readers why this topic is so necessary. To do that, make sure your introduction part covers the following:
- What’s already clear about this topic? Here you can even share the most important references to the brightest minds and their researches.
- What makes your project (your juiciest piece) fit in the general picture? Does your research fill in any of the existing gaps in the previous researches?
- Does your approach/topic somehow extend to any new case?
- Are you going to improve any of the existing approaches or sociological models?
The main thing that you need to write will start like this: “It is important/essential/exceptional that we learn about/find out about________ because________”.
3. Share the list and description of methodologies
Section number three is all about what you are planning to do while approaching the research of the topic. We suggest you talk about the methodology that you believe should be applied in the course of the research.
However, the commonest mistake that students do is that they name the method without explaining how they are going to use it and what results it will lead to. If you are enumerating the methods from a long list, make sure each of them comes with the following description:
- The name of the method or methodology that is going to be applied.
- What it is going to be used for: to analyze primary or secondary data/ to analyze the survey results.
- Why you believe this method is more appropriate than others (benefits).
- What results its use can lead to.
As this chapter in the survey proposal in sociology usually has the most importance, you have to pay much time and effort to complete it. In case you experience problems while working on it, feel free to contact your supervisor. Share your determinations — and he/she will gladly assist you with developing your methodology or any other part of the research proposal in sociology.
4. Review the references
What does the review of the references give? It shows the committee the background of the sociological issue that you have intention to disclose. It also ensures that the scientist (you) is knowledgeable in this particular sphere.
By providing the review of the informational sources, you demonstrate your awareness of the sociological area and avoid empty statements as well as those that imply that not really much has been done in this very area.
Be very careful when choosing the examples of the information sources: pick those that are topical and provide appropriate citations. Keep in mind that the committee can also ask you to provide the so-called search strategy. This is when you have to clarify the procedure that you applied and the multiple sources you investigated (experts’ works, journals, databases, textbooks, test banks, etc).
5. Draw a conclusion
In this situation, the conclusion is not always accurate as it presupposes the potential results and outcomes of the survey you are proposing. Justify how the predetermined results can influence society on the whole.
When writing a final clause, indicate:
- How the conducted exploration will prolong the already existing data of the sociological field (don’t be afraid to think pragmatically).
- How the outputs may influence instructional interventions, policy, scholarly research, counseling, etc.
- What can be changed or improved once the result of the exploration are published?
- How the output of the study will be implemented in real-life situations or what innovative approaches may be generated after the results are revealed.
Don’t write too much but try to concise instead. Remember that being specific means you shouldn’t be too wordy. Present your research proposal in sociology only as a starting point that explains general ideas, whereas the details must be expected only in the course of profound research.
To learn more about what the committee expects you to present, you can look through the profiles of the committee members. Seek for their works and research proposals that could give you a hint on what you are expected/not expected to do.
Though sociology is a very flexible science and leaves so many chances for writing a good paper, crafting a research proposal on a sociological topic is really tough. Already printed facts and numbers can’t be presented as 100% reliable since they aren’t yours and you have no clue how the former researcher came at such conclusions.
To succeed, we suggest you ground your work on the principles of logic — conduct your own survey, see the true numbers and there won’t be the slightest doubt that your research is unworthy.
References:
- Gordon, L.E. (2016). Real research : methods sociology students can use. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
- Hartmann, D.J. (1992). Program Assessment in Sociology: The Case for the Bachelor’s Paper. Teaching Sociology, 20(2), p.125.
- Mark Evan Edwards (2015). Writing in sociology. Los Angeles: Sage.
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The Thesis Proposal | Department of Sociology The Thesis Proposal An honors thesis proposal is a document written by a student in consultation with his/her honors thesis advisor. It identifies the problem or question that the student will address in the thesis and explains how the student will go about investigating it.
Looking for Thesis Proposals on Sociology and ideas? Get them here for free! We have collected dozens of previously unpublished examples in one place.
The following are several exemplary thesis proposals that should provide rising seniors with a sense of the department's expectations. These proposals are not for general circulation and remain the intellectual property of their authors, all present or former Williams students.
Sociology Theses Samples For Students 119 samples of this type If you're seeking an applicable method to streamline writing a Thesis about Sociology, WowEssays.com paper writing service just might be able to help you out.
This Thesis is submitted to The Central Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Science, Tribhuvan University Kirtipur, Kathmandu for fulfillment of Master's Degree in Sociology. The successful completion of this thesis was a result of collaborative and supportive effort from many people to whom I would like to express my ...
in the content of an research proposal samples on sociology , first of all, the author's personality is assessed - his worldview, thoughts and feelings. The goal of an research proposal in sociology is to develop such skills as independent creative thinking and writing out your own thoughts.
Sample Sociology SRP Proposal Names of Applicants: Dr. Danielle M. Currier, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Sociology, Abigail Smith '15. Sociology Major Title: Exploring the factors that encourage and/or motivate students at Randolph College to participate in volunteerism. Abstract This research project will explore the factors that encourage and/or motivate students at
Thesis Statements . This tip sheet is adapted from Chapter 5 of . Writing for Sociology (2. nd. edition) A thesis statement is a sentence or two that clearly states the argument you make in your paper. Two characteristics of thesis statements • They are debatable, so they must be more than simple statements of fact. There must be some
1 of 55 Thesis For MA Sociology Sep. 27, 2010 • 10 likes • 21,837 views Download Now Download to read offline This dissertation entitled CONFLICT IN WILDLIFE RESERVE BETWEEN LOCAL PEOPLE AND NATIONAL PARK has been submitted by Mr. Uttam Raj Regmi to the Department of Sociology/ Anthropology Tri- Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University
Download Sample proposal for TU, English from here: Thesis Proposal on Ishmael Beah Thesis writing assistance Thank You for visiting ! Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Tags Exploration of Psychological Trauma in Ishmael Beah's A Long Way Gone Ishmael Beah MA English thesis Proposal Proposal writing Thesis Proposal Thesis writing TU thesis proposal
Get the free sociology proposal sample form Description of sociology proposal sample . Sample Sociology SRP Proposal Names of Applicants: Dr. Danielle M. Currier, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Sociology, Abigail Smith 15. Sociology MajorTitle: Exploring the factors that encourage and/or
3. Thesis Proposal. By the end of the second week of classes during the semester in which you are actually enrolled for thesis, you will be expected to submit a brief proposal to your thesis advisor, specifying more fully your research question, methods, and schedule for completion of thesis work.
Sample Undergraduate Sociology Dissertation Proposal - Research Prospect. On-time delivery or your money back. A fully qualified writer in your subject. In-depth proofreading by our Quality Control Team. 100% confidentiality, the work is never re-sold or published. Standard 7-day amendment period. A paper written to the standard ordered.
Listed below are the details that you should never forget to include in a thesis proposal: 1. A precise and specific title page and abstract statement 2. A list of the content that can be found in the thesis proposal 3. A brief introduction and a thesis statement 4. A discussion of the research methods that you have used 5.
Tentative Title of Thesis: _____ ... This student has presented to the undersigned a proposal for a thesis. We have examined it and certify that is appears to represent acceptable significance, design, and quality so that the student may proceed to develop it into a thesis. If a formal hearing was held, this certifies also that the student ...
The thesis proposal includes: A statement of the problem/research question. Review of the literature that: outlines the theoretical and substantive areas you plan to examine. conveys your knowledge of the literature. highlights theoretical frameworks, including key themes and concepts that you feel will help you understand your research ...
thesis. A thesis proposal is a document that outlines thesis topic, defines the issues that the thesis will address, and explains why the topic warrants further research. It should identify a problem and provide a solution to that problem. A thesis proposal will at least have 3 chapters, 1) Introduction, 2) Literature review,
A research proposal in sociology covers the identical components as any general piece, yet still, there are several differences you must know. We shall start explaining the structure step-by-step and providing the differences in the flow of the abstract. 1. State the question of your exploration
Thesis Proposal Sample Tu Mbs | Best Writing Service Level: College, University, High School, Master's, PHD, Undergraduate Thesis Proposal Sample Tu Mbs 11 Customer reviews 132 Customer Reviews Tinggalkan Balasan Alamat email Anda tidak akan dipublikasikan. Ruas yang wajib ditandai * Komentar Nama * Email * Situs Web Sociology Category Please note