abstract in international business

McCombes, S. (2022, November 11). How to Write an Abstract | Steps & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved March 3, 2023, from https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/abstract/

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Funding: This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health [grant numbers xxxx, yyyy]; the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA [grant number zzzz]; and the United States Institutes of Peace [grant number aaaa].

If no funding has been provided for the research, it is recommended to include the following sentence:

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Supplementary material Supplementary material such as applications, images and sound clips, can be published with your article to enhance it. Submitted supplementary items are published exactly as they are received (Excel or PowerPoint files will appear as such online). Please submit your material together with the article and supply a concise, descriptive caption for each supplementary file. If you wish to make changes to supplementary material during any stage of the process, please make sure to provide an updated file. Do not annotate any corrections on a previous version. Please switch off the 'Track Changes' option in Microsoft Office files as these will appear in the published version.

Below are a number of ways in which you can associate data with your article or make a statement about the availability of your data when submitting your manuscript. When sharing data in one of these ways, you are expected to cite the data in your manuscript and reference list. Please refer to the "References" section for more information about data citation. For more information on depositing, sharing and using research data and other relevant research materials, visit the research data page .

There are different ways to link your datasets to your article. When available, you can directly link your dataset to your article by providing the relevant information in the submission system. For more information, visit the database linking page .

In addition, you can link to relevant data or entities through identifiers within the text of your manuscript, using the following format: Database: xxxx (e.g., TAIR: AT1G01020; CCDC: 734053; PDB: 1XFN).

Research Elements is a suite of peer-reviewed, open access journals which make your research objects findable, accessible and reusable. Articles place research objects into context by providing detailed descriptions of objects and their application, and linking to the associated original research articles. Research Elements articles can be prepared by you, or by one of your collaborators.

More information can be found on the Research Elements page .

Offprints The corresponding author will, at no cost, receive a customized Share Link providing 50 days free access to the final published version of the article on ScienceDirect . The Share Link can be used for sharing the article via any communication channel, including email and social media. For an extra charge, paper offprints can be ordered via the offprint order form which is sent once the article is accepted for publication. Corresponding authors who have published their article gold open access do not receive a Share Link as their final published version of the article is available open access on ScienceDirect and can be shared through the article DOI link.

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International Business

Effectuation in IB is a challenge that expert entrepreneurs in the foreign affiliates located in developing economies are expected to demonstrate.

From: Organizational Learning in Asia , 2017

International business refers to economic activities across the boundaries of nation–states, of which trade and foreign investment are the most important. While theories of trade remain the province of economics, foreign investment has been approached from three main perspectives. The economic approach emphasizes the importance of cross-border differences in factor endowments, costs, and productivities as well as of transaction costs that make the multinational firm a more efficient form of organization than arm's length transactions between purely domestic firms or individuals. The managerial approach, by contrast, focuses on how multinationals are organized and how different markets are approached. The sociopolitical approach primarily deals with the role of multinationals in economic development and in international relations. Recent trends toward globalization have made the study of international business even more important, and demand more research on how trade and foreign investment affect various parts of the world.

Building Global Innovation Ecosystems though Public Private Partnerships

Chris Sciacca , Alessandro Curioni , in Strategic Industry-University Partnerships , 2018

4.5 Overcoming Bias

By 1955, no template existed for establishing an international research lab, Speiser truly was a pioneer and at 33 years of age, he had no idea what he was in for.

He knew that before he could begin recruiting, he needed a location and his instincts told him to be near Zurich. Recognizing the need to be accessible via public transport, he eventually settled on a wing of the Pelican building in Adliswil, Switzerland, approximately 20 minutes from the city.

Speiser had traveled across Europe and hired 50 scientists by the time the lab officially opened in October 1956. But as the lab grew and gained more attention, the Swiss became concerned that the American laboratory would inflate salaries and strain the Swiss job market. In addition, many of the leading professors at ETH Zurich turned a cold shoulder at the lab puzzling and frustrating the young lab director.

At one point, Speiser hired a young talented engineer from Brown Boveri, a Swiss engineering firm known today as ABB, which resulted in a tense call from an executive at the firm who used the situation to cement his frustration with the new lab. Speiser was urged by the executive and others in the business community to not to hire Swiss graduates, a major set-back since he knew he needed to recruit the best talent to build a solid reputation. Adding salt to the wound, he was also told not to hire foreign nationals.

Nobel Laureate and IBM scientist Georg Bednorz, who works at IBM’s Zurich Lab to this day, reflected on these early challenges at the ground-breaking ceremony for a new nanotechnology center being built on IBM’s campus in June 2009.

This corporate lab was met with certain reservations when it opened from both from the public and the scientific community at large. The latter did not really regard this newcomer as part of the country’s scientific scenery, causing many difficulties in hiring talented local graduates or sometimes even foreign candidates. 6

Speiser confirmed as much in his memoirs. After meeting with one of ETH’s leading physics professors and sharing the news that the lab was hiring, Speiser received only one candidate for the job, who was apparently a student with less than average grades.

This troubling opinion had also spread to ETH’s applied mathematics department. When Speiser began interviewing a group of mostly German mathematicians, ETH professors had essentially sabotaged his attempts at hiring them.

“Only one of these candidates was honest enough to tell me what had happened: He had been told that as an employee of the IBM laboratory, he would not be considered a member of the Zurich community of mathematicians. He would have trouble funding scientific contacts and he would not be a welcome guest at ETH” ( Speiser, 1998 ).

Eventually, Speiser turned to the press to address what was turning into an increasingly ugly situation, and he penned an op-ed in the leading regional newspaper the Neue Zurich Zeitung (New Zurich Newspaper) in the summer of 1958. He addressed everything from salaries to saving Swiss jobs from brain drain to the United States, and it seemed to cool the flames.

It would take several more years for IBM and ETH to form the public–private partnership which they both benefit from today. Part of this was initiated by William Prager, a professor from Brown University who joined the IBM lab on a sabbatical assignment. Prager, a world-class mathematician in his own right had instant success in building a small department, which eventually established itself as a high caliber team.

Arguably any remaining ice had completely thawed in the late 1970s which eventually resulted in the second Nobel Prize for the lab. Bednorz told the following story during the ground-breaking ceremony:

“The first steps towards a closer interaction between ETH and the IBM Lab were made in 1977 with an individual initiative by K. Alex Mueller at IBM and Heini Graenicher from ETH. In a joint study agreement they decided to place a solid state physics PhD student at IBM to work on problems closely related to actual research topics critical to the strategy of the IBM Zurich lab. I [Bednorz] happened to be this student.” 7

Today, IBM has more than two dozen ETH students at the Zurich lab working on projects ranging from nanotechnology to microfluidics to cancer-imaging analysis, but Bednorz was the first—talk about big shoes to fill.

Human Resource Management in East Asia

Shaomin Li , in East Asian Business in the New World , 2016

10.3.2 The Expatriate Failure Issue

In international business operations, one of the major challenges for multinational corporations is how the managers sent from the headquarters manage their foreign subsidiaries effectively and efficiently. Many studies show that these expatriate managers—managers working in a foreign country—have a high failure rate ( Black & Gregersen, 1999 ). Sending expatriates to manage foreign subsidiaries is expensive. The total package of sending a manager abroad for a multinational corporation is usually three times the manager’s cost back home. Thus, when an expatriate manager fails to complete his or her assignment, it will cost more for the company since there are the sunk costs of sending the failed manager to the foreign post, such as training, learning, and relocation ( Black & Morrison, 1998 ).

Existing research on expatriate failure has identified the lack of understanding of or the inability to adopt the local culture as the major reason of failure. As a remedy, this stream of research has suggested using cross-cultural training with the prospective expatriate managers. While these cross-culture training efforts may help, they tend to cover mostly cultural norms, such as the “do’s and don’ts” in a specific culture, such as presenting your business card with two hands instead of one.

In the early 1990s, when I hosted a Chinese business delegation at AT&T, the head of the delegation, who was the president of a state-owned company in China, would wave his middle finger to make a point in meetings. Naturally, this gesture startled the American attendees in the meeting, but we all realized that his gesture was innocent and due to years of isolation in China, he was not aware of the meaning of waving the middle finger in America. At the end of his visit, AT&T and his firm signed an agreement to form a joint venture. The point I want to make here is that such cultural misunderstandings do not break business deals, as is taught in some cross-culture seminars. There are usually deeper, more fundamental reasons in making or breaking a deal.

One such deeper, more fundamental reason that may significantly affect international business deals and cross-border management is the difference in the governance environment, such as the frictions between rule-based and relation-based systems ( Maurer & Li, 2006 ).

In one of our survey studies of US–Chinese joint venture operations in Shenzhen, China, we asked the Chinese employees about their relationship with the American manager. One of the interviewees, who reported to the manager directly, told us that he thought the manager did not care about him. Why, we asked. He said, “Well, our interaction is only about work; he never asked me personal questions, such as my family background and so on.” For him, if the manager does not get personal, it means the manager does not regard him as a valuable employee. We then subtly asked the manager about what he thought of this employee. As it turned out, the manager thought highly of this employee. We then probed him if he chatted with employees about their family and if he made an effort to know their background. “No! As you know very well, I am not supposed to nose around their private lives!” The American manager raised his voice as if we had asked an inappropriate question. 5

This is a typical misunderstanding between a rule-based managers and relation-based employees. In a rule-based environment, the working relation between the manager and the employee is primarily defined based on the job description, which spells out the responsibility and authorities of each post. The manager assumes the employee is capable (otherwise he would not have been hired in the first place) and expects him to perform well, unless proven otherwise. The managers should only manage the employee based on job-related information and performance and should not use age, marital status, or any other personal information or traits to reward or punish the employee.

Cross-border mergers and acquisitions

Donald M. DePamphilis Ph.D. , in Mergers, Acquisitions, and Other Restructuring Activities (Eleventh Edition) , 2022

Chapter overview

How will international businesses deal with the new realities of the 21st century? How will the backlash against globalization, growing protectionism, and national security concerns impact cross-border M&A deals? Can we manage the risk associated with such deals? What does it take to realize a successful cross-border M&A in this new environment? How should such deals be structured, financed, and valued? What are the differences between entering a developed and an emerging economy? These are only a few of the questions addressed in this chapter.

Throughout the chapter, the term local country and home country refer to the target’s and acquirer’s, respectively, country of residence. Developed countries are those having significant and sustainable per capita economic growth, globally integrated capital markets, and a well-defined legal system. Moreover, such countries tend to follow the rule of law more often than not and have transparent financial company statements, currency convertibility, and a comparatively stable government. According to the World Bank, emerging countries have a growth rate in per capita gross domestic product significantly below that of developed countries and often lack many of the characteristics of developed countries. A chapter review (including practice questions with answers) is available in the file folder titled “Student Study Guide” on the companion website to this book ( https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals/book-companion/9780128197820 ).

The Globalisation of Thai Corporations and Executives: the New Generation

Fredric William Swierczek , in The Globalisation of Executives and Economies , 2006

Internationalisation Strategies

Based on the current international business activities identified by these young executives, a fairly classical pattern of internationalisation based on exporting and low cultural distance emerges. For current outward oriented activities, the majority are oriented to ASEAN or other regions in Asia & the Pacific. Another direction is to Europe. Very few projects are directed to the US and only three are global in nature. The pattern for future activities is similar but there are fewer projects expected. Most of the activities will be focused on ASEAN and the Asia-Pacific. There is not much emphasis on a global orientation.

In the inward direction of internationalisation, for new projects adapted to Thailand, there are much fewer activities, although a similar pattern in terms of an Asian-centric perspective. Only a few projects have originated in Europe and none are from the US.

13.4 Get Ready to Compete

When I teach an international business class in the United States, I ask the students if they know the names of Chinese and Russian presidents. Many do not. If I ask who the American president was in a class in East Asia, all students would know it with intimate details about the president. It is fair to say that Americans are the least globalized. Why is that?

In 1960, the US accounted for 40% of the world’s total output ( World Bank, 2015 ). In other words, America was nearly half of the world: the rest of the world—some 300 countries—together only produced a slightly more than half. So America was the center of the world. Other countries had to follow the terms that the US set, and they had to speak the language that the Americans spoke. The need for Americans to learn about the rest of the world was not warranted, since the other countries were so small, economically and militarily.

In 2014, the share of the US economy in the world dropped to 22% ( World Bank, 2015 ). While still big, the United States is no longer as dominant as it used to be. Furthermore, the emerging economies such as China are rapidly catching up. As the newly emerging countries are challenging US dominance, the United States must learn from these countries in order to compete with them. American students must know who the leaders in these countries are.

Ultimately, competition is primarily determined at the atom level, which is us, the individuals who constitute the country and the economy. We must take actions to improve our ability to compete in the globalizing world. I hope that this book helps us to better understand East Asia and the relation-based system, and thus helps us to better prepare ourselves for the competition and then win it.

An Entrepreneurial Perspective on Developed Economy Firms’ Learning from Asia

J. Cuervo , in Organizational Learning in Asia , 2017

Emphasizing the learning aspect of entrepreneurship in international business contexts, this chapter illuminates both the differences between the effectuation of entrepreneurial competencies by individuals and the capabilities developed in multi-national firms and the interrelationships between these two processes. Based on an integrative perspective that combines Dunning’s international business paradigm with Sarasvathy’s dynamic model of effectuation, two parallel levels of entrepreneurial learning were posited to occur as enabling mechanisms for the process of reverse-transferring learning from foreign affiliates in developing markets in Asia to the firms’ respective headquarters located in developed economies. Cases of reverse knowledge transfer in three multi-nationals (Amway, Panasonic and P&G) with integrated operations in China and India, were analyzed and shown to support the developed integrative perspective on entrepreneurial learning, reverse knowledge transfers and firm performance, presented in the earlier part of the chapter.

Transfer of HRM practices in French multinational companies: the case of French subsidiaries in China

Cuiling Jiang , in The Globalization of Chinese Business , 2014

Introduction

With ongoing globalisation, more and more companies are engaging in international business . One of the key issues regarding international business is the transfer of management practices within multinational companies (MNCs), which enables newly established subsidiaries to benefit from successful expertise developed in a company’s headquarters and other subsidiaries ( Dunning, 1981 ).

International transfer is a process that transfers management practices within MNCs in three directions ( Kostova, 1999 ). The first is forward transfer of practices from a parent company to its overseas subsidiaries. This kind of transfer is widely used in MNCs. The second direction is reverse transfer, which starts from foreign subsidiaries and flows back to the parent company ( Edwards and Ferner, 2004 ). The third direction is horizontal transfer of practices among various overseas subsidiaries. In our research, we focus mainly on forward transfers of HRM practices from French parent companies to their Chinese subsidiaries.

Transferring practices can help to build coherence within an MNC. However, some difficulties can arise from foreign adaptation. For instance, foreign companies may have problems accessing information from the entry market, which, in return, may complicate the transfer process. Successful transfer of management practices still remains a crucial goal ( Kogut and Singh, 1988 ). Hence, companies question whether MNCs should transfer the whole management practice or apply only one part to the subsidiaries. What adaptation should be put in place in order to ensure the transfer and, if practices cannot be transferred, should MNCs adopt local practices or create new ones? On the basis of these questions, we found that there exists a significant gap between theory and practice. Therefore, we are particularly interested in subsidiary-level explanations of the transfer of management practices. We extend previous work by describing how managers in subsidiaries reproduce and adapt the best practices to the host country so as to keep internal consistency while taking appropriate local structures and practices into consideration.

HRM practices have strategic importance for MNCs. They are part of corporate strategy and HRM specialists use them to integrate employees and boost their competences. Bartlett and Ghoshal (1989) emphasise that HRM policies and practices can contribute to coordination and control within MNCs. Studies show that successful forward transfer of HRM practices can promote more professional types of management and enhance company performance, which contributes to a dynamic HRM balance between headquarters and subsidiaries ( Alcazar et al., 2005; Boxall and Purcell, 2011; Child and Tse, 2001; Thory, 2008 ). Hence, MNCs invariably want to transfer their HRM practices abroad.

There were two reasons for our study of French MNCs in China. First, extant research has focussed mainly on Japanese or American MNCs ( Becker-Ritterspach, 2005 ). A possible reason is that since the 1980s, the United States and Japan have been among the largest economies in the world. They are the major foreign direct investment (FDI) contributors. For instance, there is an extensive literature on Japanese company internationalisation ( Abo, 1994; Smith and Elger, 2000 ). Within Europe, researchers focus more on MNCs from Germany or the United Kingdom ( Ferner and Varul, 2000; Rosenzweig and Nohria, 1994 ). Research on French MNC internationalisation – in particular, their Chinese sites – has received little empirical attention. Second, China is an important emerging market in the world. The Chinese context is challenging for foreign companies because it is considered to be profoundly different from Western countries in terms of culture, legal systems, labor markets and so forth. As a main FDI contributor to China among the European member states, there are many French MNCs with operations in China. However, little research has reviewed French MNC internationalisation and their Chinese subsidiaries.

Consequently, we wanted to investigate the transfer of HRM practices in French MNCs to figure out how subsidiaries interpret the HRM policies and practices of their headquarters, and to fill the gap in the literature on forward transfer in French MNCs. We hope to arrive at conclusions and recommendations that will benefit the transfer process for French MNCs and other similar companies.

In our research, we adopt a multilevel approach to study such a complex organisational phenomenon. This approach is supported by three levels of theories: country level (cultural distance), organization level (institutional interactions and entry mode choice), and individual level (expatriates). In light of this, our research explores the following questions: (1) Which HRM practices are more likely to be transferred? (2) How do factors originating from different cultures, institutional interactions, entry modes and expatriates affect the transfer of HRM practices? (3) What adaptations may be needed in order to transfer HRM practices from French headquarters to their Chinese subsidiaries?

We organize the remainder of this chapter as follows: we review related literature and discuss the core contributions from cultural, institutional, entry mode and expatriate viewpoints. We then describe our methodology. We begin our findings by presenting an overview of the sample. Then, we detail the transfer process by discussing the reproduction of HRM practices in China and various adaptations. We conclude by pointing out the implications for managers from the international transfer of HRM practices, addressing the limitations of the study as well as further research.

Hypotheses Tests

Luiz Paulo Fávero , Patrícia Belfiore , in Data Science for Business and Decision Making , 2019

9.4.5 Solving Levene’s Test by Using SPSS Software

The use of the images in this section has been authorized by the International Business Machines Corporation©. To test the variance homogeneity between the groups, SPSS uses Levene’s test. The data presented in Example 9.4 are available in the file CustomerServices_Store.sav . In order to elaborate the test, we must click on Analyze → Descriptive Statistics → Explore … , as shown in Fig. 9.13 .

Fig. 9.13 . Procedure for elaborating Levene’s test on SPSS.

Let’s include the variable Customer_services in the list of dependent variables ( Dependent List ) and the variable Store in the factor list ( Factor List) , as shown in Fig. 9.14 .

Fig. 9.14 . Selecting the variables to elaborate Levene’s test on SPSS.

Next, we must click on Plots … and select the option Untransformed in Spread vs Level with Levene Test , as shown in Fig. 9.15 .

Fig. 9.15 . Continuation of the procedure to elaborate Levene’s test on SPSS.

Finally, let’s click on Continue and on OK . The result of Levene’s test can also be obtained through the ANOVA test, by clicking on Analyze → Compare Means → One-Way ANOVA … . In Options … , we must select the option Homogeneity of variance test ( Fig. 9.16 ).

Fig. 9.16 . Results of Levene’s test for Example 9.4 on SPSS.

The value of Levene’s statistic is 8.427, exactly the same as the one calculated previously. Since the significance level observed is 0.001, a value lower than 0.05, the test shows the rejection of the null hypothesis, which allows us to conclude, with a 95% confidence level, that the population variances are not homogeneous.

Transformation of the innovation policy of China1

Celeste Amorim Varum , ... Joaquim José Borges Gouveia , in China: Building an Innovative Economy , 2007

Business innovation support structure

To support innovation in China, the government also undertook an ambitious campaign to establish international business support structures such as science parks and incubators. At the national level alone, the government directly supported the development of over 400 business incubators and 53 high-technology development zones, 4 or national high-technology zones, by 2002, mainly through the Torch Program launched in 1988. By the end of 2003, the programme had established a large number of science parks, incubators, software parks, university science parks, and other support structures. Among these science parks and incubators, 28,504 high-technology enterprises had been established and 3.49 million jobs created. More specifically, the programme had funded 10,261 projects, including more than 450 incubators.

China's science park and development zones played a critical role in the development of the high-technology sector in China and strengthened the competitiveness of the manufacturing sector. According to statistical data derived from the Torch Program, the output value and total revenue of the firms established in the 53 high-technology development zones increased at a rapid pace, reaching over 1,300 billion RMB in 2001 ( Figure 3.3 ).

Figure 3.3 . The revenues and output of the 53 national high-technology zones

In 2001, the output value of the 53 high-technology development zones accounted for 82.5 per cent of total high-technology product output and approximately 12 per cent of gross manufacture output in the country ( Figure 3.4 ). In 2002, the enterprises in the zones hired 3.49 million employees, their expenditures on R&D reached RMB 31.47 billion (US$ 3.79 billion), i.e., 24.4 per cent of gross expenditures on R&D (GERD) in China and 40 per cent of business expenditures on R&D (BERD) ( Ministry of Science and Technology, 2003 ).

Figure 3.4 . The ratio of revenue and output of the 53 national high-technology zones (HTZ) to the total revenue and output of China (%)

In addition to establishing the support structures, the government also launched the China Hi-Tech Fair (CHTF). With the strong support of the government, the goal of the CHTF was to encourage links between the industrial sectors in China and those worldwide. The fair, which has taken place in Shenzhen every autumn since 1999, has been jointly hosted by the Ministry of Commerce, MOST, the Ministry of Information Industry, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Shenzhen Municipal People's Government. At the 2003 CHTF, companies from 42 nations attended, and the transaction value of the contracts signed at the fair totalled US$ 12.84 billion ( China Hi-Tech Fair, 2003 ). The CHTF has also attracted the active participation of Chinese students studying abroad. As the fair represents a forum in which they study the market, meet potential investors and obtain support from various governmental agencies, this large pool of Chinese students have brought capital and high-tech technology to establish start-up companies in China.

After 1992, the Chinese government also established Productivity Promotion Centers (PCCs), a group of intermediary, consulting organisations that support innovation in the business sector. In 2002, 865 PCCs operated under the auspices of provincial, municipal and county governments, and industry sector administrative departments, provided consulting services, technology-based services such as promotion and product testing, information-collecting services, human resource services, training services, and incubation services to the enterprises ( Chinese Association of Productivity Promotion Centers, 2003 ).

How to Write an Abstract for a Business Research Paper

An abstract for business research paper is a summary of the entire paper. Students doing business research papers often mistake abstracts to be the introductory paragraph since abstract appears at the beginning of the work. Business research papers are general audience papers that are likely to be read by any member of the society. The abstract is given much attention by the audience since it is a snapshot of the entire work. There are two types of abstract that can be developed in a business research paper: descriptive and informative abstracts. Students must decide which type of abstract to include in their business research papers though they accomplish the same goal. Descriptive abstracts are best suited for shorter business research papers while informative abstracts are for lengthy and technical research papers. Concisely, an abstract is supposed to explain the purpose of business research paper, its goals and methodology used for research.

Results can be included in the abstract but they are only relevant if the paper if lengthy. In most cases, students use informative abstracts when they write their business research papers. Informative business research papers can be one page long. Students state the business problem or idea in the first sentence of abstract. This can be followed by a brief description stating why the idea is interesting or why the problem is worth consideration. Keen students always include reasons that motivate them to develop business research papers on the stated topic. It is important to state the scope of the paper in the abstract so that readers can understand the main target of the paper. The methodology sentence in a business research paper abstract gives an overview how the study was accomplished, how the researcher did his work and a brief description on the work of others who did business researches under the same topic. In an informative abstract, results must be discussed. Results are simply the findings or the answers that the research sought to investigate. These are usually general findings, which support the hypothesis or the business idea under discussion.

An abstract for business research papers should be able to summarize the whole business idea making the information understandable without necessarily reading the full report. A concise business abstract will be able to capture the reader’s imagination hence providing them with full and conclusive information should they otherwise decide not to read it in full. As the researcher, one must state the goals and objectives he or she intends to achieve. This is done by presenting a clear and critical outlining of the approach for achieving those goals i.e. the available research methodology and the thoroughness employed will help in capturing the reader’s confidence.

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How to Write an Abstract
Step 3: Results. Next, summarize the main research results . This part of the abstract can be in the present or past simple tense. Our analysis has shown a strong correlation between coffee consumption and productivity. Our analysis shows a strong correlation between coffee consumption and productivity.
Guide for authors
Authors must disclose any interests in two places: 1. A summary declaration of interest statement in the title page file (if double anonymized) or the manuscript file (if single anonymized). If there are no interests to declare then please state this: 'Declarations of interest: none'. 2.
International Business Research
Noemi Sinkovics, A. Rebecca Reuber, in Journal of World Business, 2021. Abstract. The objective of this study is to inform and invigorate international business (IB) research on migrant entrepreneurship. Migrant entrepreneurship is an important global phenomenon that is relevant to diverse scholarly conversations.
International Business
Abstract. Emphasizing the learning aspect of entrepreneurship in international business contexts, this chapter illuminates both the differences between the effectuation of entrepreneurial competencies by individuals and the capabilities developed in multi-national firms and the interrelationships between these two processes. Based on an ...
How to Write an Abstract for a Business Research Paper
The abstract is given much attention by the audience since it is a snapshot of the entire work. There are two types of abstract that can be developed in a business research paper: descriptive and informative abstracts. Students must decide which type of abstract to include in their business research papers though they accomplish the same goal.
(PDF) International Business in the Global World
In the 21st century, globalisation processes and the accompanying liberalisation of the flow of factors of production, information and ideas, driven by the development of technological innovations...