- دروس التكوين المهني
- فيديوهات تعليمية
- الدراسة بالخارج
- ما بعد الباكالوريا
- دروس وتمارين
- السنة الثانية بكالوريا

Exemples English Writings 2 BAC
Related articles more from author, دروس الفلسفة السنة الثانية بكالوريا مسلك العلوم الفيزيائية, دروس مادة الفيزياء والكيمياء السنة الثانية باكالوريا مسلك العلوم الفيزيائية, دروس مادة علوم الحياة والارض السنة الثانية باكالوريا مسلك العلوم الفيزيائية.
thank you so mach!
merci infiniment
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- 13 octobre 2020
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- Anglais: 2ème BAC Sciences Physiques

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I- Paragraph Writing
1- pragraph’s planning:.

Example : Technology’s advantages
Technology has many advantages. To begin with , it’s making our lives easier and comfortable. In other words, people save more time and effort with the use of technology. For example, machines and robots can perform all of our hard tasks perfectly and in no time. Also, great inventions, like the telephone, computers, the television, the cell-phone, and the internet have made communication easier and better. Additionally , research has confirmed the positive effect of technology on our economic growth. Nowadays, 70% of world businesses rely on technology to improve the quality of their products or services. Moreover, the various technological advances in transportation have turned our world into a small village. This has led to effective interaction between people from different places and cultures. In fact, with all these advantages, technology has brought about many positive changes to our every-day lives.
2-Types of paragraphs and Examples :
A- argumentative paragraph:.
It presents an opinion on a certain topic and lists a number of reasons, examples, facts, ideas to support it.
Example1 of a short argumentative paragraph :
Argumentative paragraph example2 ;.
I believe that every student should study a foreign language for these reasons. First, knowing a foreign language can help you a lot in life. If you speak more than one language, you have better chances to secure a decent job. In fact, Many local companies today deal with other companies in other countries. So, they will certainly need employees who can speak another language. Second, one’s life can be really interesting and exciting when they can talk to people from other countries , read their books, watch their movies, and sing their songs. Nowadays, studying English, for example, gives one the opportunity to learn about the world and its cultures. Remember that a language is not seperate from the people who speak it. When you learn a language you learn more than just words ; in other words ,you learn how other people think and live. In modern times, it’s very important for world peace that we understand one another. Additionally, When you study a different language you learn about yourself, too. Learning another language gives you the chance to look at your own language through someone else’s eyes. For example, English uses only one word for the pronoun you . So, when an American studies Spanish and learns that Spanish uses two words for you, he may ask, “ Why does English have only one word for you ?”. Therfore, the American is then learning about his language and culture. Given all these reason, I think that the world will be a better place if all students every where have the chance to study a foreign language.
Argumentative paragraph Example 3 : Telivision
Although some parents don’t allow their children to watch television, it can be good for them. First of all , I think that television is a cheap entertainment . On Sundays, when children drive their parents crazy, the TV can bring them some fun. Besides this, it is too expensive to take the whole family to the movies. For instance, the family can sit in their living room and watch a movie on television. Secondly, it is my conviction that television can be a good teacher. Studies show that these TV programmes help children do well in school. For example, small children can learn the alphabet and numbers on children’s programmes. In addition to this, nature programmes teach them about our earth and how to care for it. In brief television is a useful medium for the entertainment and teaching of kids.
Argumentative paragraph Example 4: Mobile Phone
Nobody denies that using the mobile has many advantages. The very first benefit is communication. With mobile phones you can communicate with anyone from anywhere at any time. In addition, they have become a source of unlimited entertainment. For example, cell phones allow you to play games, listen to music, watch movies and do a lot of other things. What’s more, Smart phones offer thousands of educational apps. This can be so useful for students in their studies.
b-Cause-Effect Paragraph :
This type of paragraph discusses the causes and consequences of an action, situation, event, or decision.
Example 1: Causes of Dropping of school
There are many factors that can lead teenagers to drop out of school. One major cause is that many youths don’t have positive role models in their lives. So, the absence of an encouraging adult in a young person’s life causes him or her to think negatively about himself or herself. In other words, it will not allow them to live up to their full potential. Also, this lack of a positive role model often results in their involvement with the wrong type of people and activities. When a student becomes involved with the wrong crowd doing the wrong things, he or she usually doesn’t concentrate fully on his or her studies. This can lead many young children to give up on their education quite early. Another cause of dropping out of school is lack of determination. Since they’re not determined to graduate, it can be very difficult for many youngsters to stay in school. Many students find it hard to stay focused on school as they believe that getting an education is useless nowadays. Others simply hate school because they feel they are forced to attend classes. In some cultures, quitting school can be the result of peer and family pressure. Unfortunately, many teenagers give up into this pressure very easily. Even worse, if the presence of such pressure is too negative it can lead to states of depression and drug addiction. In fact, drugs become the only thing they are focused on. As a consequence, their lives are destroyed tragically. Thus, dropping out of school can be the result of personal, psychological, and social factors.
Example2 : Causes of Dropping of school
C- narrative paragraph :.
it tells the reader what happened. It relates a sequence of past events using chronological order. It must contain these elements of : – Setting ( time /place) – Point of view – Character – Action .
Last weekend , I had the best time of my life. On Friday night, my best friend came over and we made a delicious, mouth-watering pizza. After we ate, we had a friendly video game competition. Moments later, my other best friend, Ali, joined us. On Saturday, my dad took us out on the boat. The weather was perfect and the water was warm. It was a great day to go for a swim. Later in the evening , we went to the movies. We saw an action- packed thriller and ate a lot of popcorn. Later that night, we spent some time playing chess. Finally, on Sunday, we went bike-riding around town. By the end of the day, my legs became very sore. We had great moments. I only hope the next weekend can be as fun as this one. Now, with such experience, I’ve changed my opinion about weekends. Now I have to say that weekends can only be as exciting and fun as we’d make them to be.
d-Descriptive Paragraph :
Example: describing a person, example: short paragraph describing a city.
Like a paragraph, an essay has the similar types such as argumentative, cause-effect, narrative or descriptive essay.
Example1 : short argumentative essay on Citizenship :
Active citizenship empowers communities, contributes to their prosperity and promotes social ties. Voluntary work is one of the major values that distinguish the active citizens. So, what are the benefits of volunteering?
Nobody denies that voluntary work has many benefits. The very first advantage is that it offers helps to people in need. In addition, volunteering contributes to the improvement of the community. What’s more , this value helps you reduce stress and boosts your happiness.
To conclude, voluntary work has countless benefits on people and communities. For me, I can’t imagine the world without voluntary work.
Example2 : Argumentative Essay on Mobile phone
[1] Cell phones or mobile phones have become a very important part of our daily lives. It is very difficult to imagine our live without a cell phone. Although it has a lot of benefits, this small gadget may cause harm if it is overused.
[2] Nobody denies that using the mobile has many advantages. The very first benefit is communication. With mobile phones you can communicate with anyone from anywhere at any time. In addition, they have become a source of unlimited entertainment. For example, cell phones allow you to play games, listen to music, watch movies and do a lot of other things. What’s more, Smart phones offer thousands of educational apps. This can be so useful for students in their studies.
[3] On the other hand, there are also negative consequences. First, young people can be addicted to mobile phones, and waste their time on gaming, chatting and watching movies. Besides, cell phones can cause serious health problems according to research studies. Another major consequence is that cell phones lead to a lot of traffic accidents.
[4] All in all, using mobile phones can have negative impact on young people, but it also has many advantages. In the end, it all depends on our usage. I think a mobile phone is a very useful tool in our daily life. However, we should be careful not to overuse it.
Example 3 : Essay on Technology
Technology is the application of science for economic, social, commercial, or practical purposes. It has certainly changed our ways of life both positively and negatively. So, I believe that technology has some drawbacks in addition to its many advantages, too.
On the one hand , technology has many advantages . To begin with , it’s making our lives easier and a lot more comfortable. In other words , people save more time and effort with the use of technology. For example , machines and robots can perform all of our hard tasks perfectly and in no time. Also , great inventions, like the telephone, computers, the television, the cell-phone, and the internet have made communication easier and better. Additionally , findings have shown the positive effect of technology on our economic growth. Nowadays , 70% of world businesses rely on technology to improve the quality of their products or services. Moreover , the various technological advances in transportation have turned our world into a small village. This has led to effective interaction between people from different places and cultures. In fact, with all these advantages, technology has brought about many positive changes to our every-day lives.
On the other hand , there are some drawbacks to technology . First , people are becoming more and more over-dependent on technology. Second, machines are replacing humans in factories. Consequently , more people are losing their jobs to automation , which has led to a rapid increase in unemployment rates, especially among young people. Also , because of the incredible breakthroughs in entertainment industry, people have become less active. That’s to say , they exercize less and spend more too much time sitting before their TV sets, others before their computers surfing the internet or playing video games. Additionally , the technological advancements in chemical industry can be the source of many modern dangerous diseases, like cancer, HIV, and H1N1. What’s more , internet addiction is one of the negative outcomes of modern technology. In fact , technology can be a harmful and destructive tool sometimes.
To sum up , technology has become an essential part of our life. However, it’s a double-edged sword that can change our lives to the better or to the worst. So, it’s entirely up to us to use it either wisely, or foolishly.
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- What Is a Research Methodology? | Steps & Tips
What Is a Research Methodology? | Steps & Tips
Published on August 25, 2022 by Shona McCombes and Tegan George. Revised on January 30, 2023.
Your research methodology discusses and explains the data collection and analysis methods you used in your research. A key part of your thesis, dissertation , or research paper , the methodology chapter explains what you did and how you did it, allowing readers to evaluate the reliability and validity of your research and your dissertation topic .
It should include:
- The type of research you conducted
- How you collected and analyzed your data
- Any tools or materials you used in the research
- How you mitigated or avoided research biases
- Why you chose these methods
- Your methodology section should generally be written in the past tense .
- Academic style guides in your field may provide detailed guidelines on what to include for different types of studies.
- Your citation style might provide guidelines for your methodology section (e.g., an APA Style methods section ).
Table of contents
How to write a research methodology, why is a methods section important, step 1: explain your methodological approach, step 2: describe your data collection methods, step 3: describe your analysis method, step 4: evaluate and justify the methodological choices you made, tips for writing a strong methodology chapter, frequently asked questions about methodology.
Your methods section is your opportunity to share how you conducted your research and why you chose the methods you chose. It’s also the place to show that your research was rigorously conducted and can be replicated .
It gives your research legitimacy and situates it within your field, and also gives your readers a place to refer to if they have any questions or critiques in other sections.
Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.
You can start by introducing your overall approach to your research. You have two options here.
Option 1: Start with your “what”
What research problem or question did you investigate?
- Aim to describe the characteristics of something?
- Explore an under-researched topic?
- Establish a causal relationship?
And what type of data did you need to achieve this aim?
- Quantitative data , qualitative data , or a mix of both?
- Primary data collected yourself, or secondary data collected by someone else?
- Experimental data gathered by controlling and manipulating variables, or descriptive data gathered via observations?
Option 2: Start with your “why”
Depending on your discipline, you can also start with a discussion of the rationale and assumptions underpinning your methodology. In other words, why did you choose these methods for your study?
- Why is this the best way to answer your research question?
- Is this a standard methodology in your field, or does it require justification?
- Were there any ethical considerations involved in your choices?
- What are the criteria for validity and reliability in this type of research ? How did you prevent bias from affecting your data?
Once you have introduced your reader to your methodological approach, you should share full details about your data collection methods .
Quantitative methods
In order to be considered generalizable, you should describe quantitative research methods in enough detail for another researcher to replicate your study.
Here, explain how you operationalized your concepts and measured your variables. Discuss your sampling method or inclusion and exclusion criteria , as well as any tools, procedures, and materials you used to gather your data.
Surveys Describe where, when, and how the survey was conducted.
- How did you design the questionnaire?
- What form did your questions take (e.g., multiple choice, Likert scale )?
- Were your surveys conducted in-person or virtually?
- What sampling method did you use to select participants?
- What was your sample size and response rate?
Experiments Share full details of the tools, techniques, and procedures you used to conduct your experiment.
- How did you design the experiment ?
- How did you recruit participants?
- How did you manipulate and measure the variables ?
- What tools did you use?
Existing data Explain how you gathered and selected the material (such as datasets or archival data) that you used in your analysis.
- Where did you source the material?
- How was the data originally produced?
- What criteria did you use to select material (e.g., date range)?
The survey consisted of 5 multiple-choice questions and 10 questions measured on a 7-point Likert scale.
The goal was to collect survey responses from 350 customers visiting the fitness apparel company’s brick-and-mortar location in Boston on July 4–8, 2022, between 11:00 and 15:00.
Here, a customer was defined as a person who had purchased a product from the company on the day they took the survey. Participants were given 5 minutes to fill in the survey anonymously. In total, 408 customers responded, but not all surveys were fully completed. Due to this, 371 survey results were included in the analysis.
- Information bias
- Omitted variable bias
- Regression to the mean
- Survivorship bias
- Undercoverage bias
- Sampling bias
Qualitative methods
In qualitative research , methods are often more flexible and subjective. For this reason, it’s crucial to robustly explain the methodology choices you made.
Be sure to discuss the criteria you used to select your data, the context in which your research was conducted, and the role you played in collecting your data (e.g., were you an active participant, or a passive observer?)
Interviews or focus groups Describe where, when, and how the interviews were conducted.
- How did you find and select participants?
- How many participants took part?
- What form did the interviews take ( structured , semi-structured , or unstructured )?
- How long were the interviews?
- How were they recorded?
Participant observation Describe where, when, and how you conducted the observation or ethnography .
- What group or community did you observe? How long did you spend there?
- How did you gain access to this group? What role did you play in the community?
- How long did you spend conducting the research? Where was it located?
- How did you record your data (e.g., audiovisual recordings, note-taking)?
Existing data Explain how you selected case study materials for your analysis.
- What type of materials did you analyze?
- How did you select them?
In order to gain better insight into possibilities for future improvement of the fitness store’s product range, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 8 returning customers.
Here, a returning customer was defined as someone who usually bought products at least twice a week from the store.
Surveys were used to select participants. Interviews were conducted in a small office next to the cash register and lasted approximately 20 minutes each. Answers were recorded by note-taking, and seven interviews were also filmed with consent. One interviewee preferred not to be filmed.
- The Hawthorne effect
- Observer bias
- The placebo effect
- Response bias and Nonresponse bias
- The Pygmalion effect
- Recall bias
- Social desirability bias
- Self-selection bias
Mixed methods
Mixed methods research combines quantitative and qualitative approaches. If a standalone quantitative or qualitative study is insufficient to answer your research question, mixed methods may be a good fit for you.
Mixed methods are less common than standalone analyses, largely because they require a great deal of effort to pull off successfully. If you choose to pursue mixed methods, it’s especially important to robustly justify your methods.
Next, you should indicate how you processed and analyzed your data. Avoid going into too much detail: you should not start introducing or discussing any of your results at this stage.
In quantitative research , your analysis will be based on numbers. In your methods section, you can include:
- How you prepared the data before analyzing it (e.g., checking for missing data , removing outliers , transforming variables)
- Which software you used (e.g., SPSS, Stata or R)
- Which statistical tests you used (e.g., two-tailed t test , simple linear regression )
In qualitative research, your analysis will be based on language, images, and observations (often involving some form of textual analysis ).
Specific methods might include:
- Content analysis : Categorizing and discussing the meaning of words, phrases and sentences
- Thematic analysis : Coding and closely examining the data to identify broad themes and patterns
- Discourse analysis : Studying communication and meaning in relation to their social context
Mixed methods combine the above two research methods, integrating both qualitative and quantitative approaches into one coherent analytical process.
Above all, your methodology section should clearly make the case for why you chose the methods you did. This is especially true if you did not take the most standard approach to your topic. In this case, discuss why other methods were not suitable for your objectives, and show how this approach contributes new knowledge or understanding.
In any case, it should be overwhelmingly clear to your reader that you set yourself up for success in terms of your methodology’s design. Show how your methods should lead to results that are valid and reliable, while leaving the analysis of the meaning, importance, and relevance of your results for your discussion section .
- Quantitative: Lab-based experiments cannot always accurately simulate real-life situations and behaviors, but they are effective for testing causal relationships between variables .
- Qualitative: Unstructured interviews usually produce results that cannot be generalized beyond the sample group , but they provide a more in-depth understanding of participants’ perceptions, motivations, and emotions.
- Mixed methods: Despite issues systematically comparing differing types of data, a solely quantitative study would not sufficiently incorporate the lived experience of each participant, while a solely qualitative study would be insufficiently generalizable.
Remember that your aim is not just to describe your methods, but to show how and why you applied them. Again, it’s critical to demonstrate that your research was rigorously conducted and can be replicated.
1. Focus on your objectives and research questions
The methodology section should clearly show why your methods suit your objectives and convince the reader that you chose the best possible approach to answering your problem statement and research questions .
2. Cite relevant sources
Your methodology can be strengthened by referencing existing research in your field. This can help you to:
- Show that you followed established practice for your type of research
- Discuss how you decided on your approach by evaluating existing research
- Present a novel methodological approach to address a gap in the literature
3. Write for your audience
Consider how much information you need to give, and avoid getting too lengthy. If you are using methods that are standard for your discipline, you probably don’t need to give a lot of background or justification.
Regardless, your methodology should be a clear, well-structured text that makes an argument for your approach, not just a list of technical details and procedures.
Methodology refers to the overarching strategy and rationale of your research project . It involves studying the methods used in your field and the theories or principles behind them, in order to develop an approach that matches your objectives.
Methods are the specific tools and procedures you use to collect and analyze data (for example, experiments, surveys , and statistical tests ).
In shorter scientific papers, where the aim is to report the findings of a specific study, you might simply describe what you did in a methods section .
In a longer or more complex research project, such as a thesis or dissertation , you will probably include a methodology section , where you explain your approach to answering the research questions and cite relevant sources to support your choice of methods.
In a scientific paper, the methodology always comes after the introduction and before the results , discussion and conclusion . The same basic structure also applies to a thesis, dissertation , or research proposal .
Depending on the length and type of document, you might also include a literature review or theoretical framework before the methodology.
Quantitative research deals with numbers and statistics, while qualitative research deals with words and meanings.
Quantitative methods allow you to systematically measure variables and test hypotheses . Qualitative methods allow you to explore concepts and experiences in more detail.
Reliability and validity are both about how well a method measures something:
- Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure (whether the results can be reproduced under the same conditions).
- Validity refers to the accuracy of a measure (whether the results really do represent what they are supposed to measure).
If you are doing experimental research, you also have to consider the internal and external validity of your experiment.
A sample is a subset of individuals from a larger population . Sampling means selecting the group that you will actually collect data from in your research. For example, if you are researching the opinions of students in your university, you could survey a sample of 100 students.
In statistics, sampling allows you to test a hypothesis about the characteristics of a population.
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How do you describe a methodology of writing?
How do you describe your methodology of writing?
I am submitting the outline of my novella for a competition and this is one of the requirements:
The outline must include a summary of the Novella as well as the methodology and approach.
- 6 This requirement reads like it was made up by people who never wrote a book. Or at least never finished something. Best thing to do is to ask them, not us. – John Smithers Jan 15, 2014 at 13:32
- 2 It reads to me like it was copy-pasted from a scientific writing competition and only had the word "paper" replaced by the word "novella". – user5645 Jan 15, 2014 at 19:04
4 Answers 4
John's advice is correct: seek their advice.
However, I think it's pretty straightforward.
The word "methodology" simply means the system of methods used for a particular activity, field of study etc.
So what they're asking for is an outline of your writing methods that you used during the process of creating your novella. I imagine it would include, and not be limited to, the following:
- Subject research (e.g. did you write and skip over the bits you didn't know about, and come back later to fill in the blanks after researching in the library, or did you research the subject matter in depth, did it come from a newspaper, or was it even a personal event that happened to you?)
- Character construction (how did you identify and construct your protagonist, your villain, your supporting characters; where did you look to for inspiration. What techniques did you use to expand them e.g. interview them, base them on real life individuals you know ...)
- Scene planning and construction (Is this based on a place you've been, from photographs, etc.)
- Plot construction (e.g. did you outline your story scene by scene using post-it notes on a board)
- Your "system" of writing (did you wake up early each day and write fresh without thinking, did you use mind maps for ideas, do you meticulously plan each scene with a summary of what would happen, who was in it, and then sit and just write and so on)
- How did you edit your novella, converting it from a first draft to a finished product (e.g. did you edit as you go along, did you stick it in a drawer for a couple weeks before going back and editing).
The old saying of "do whatever works for you" means that every writer will have their own methods that they find works for them (sometimes even only for that particular book), and that's probably what they're looking for.
The methods section of a research paper provides the information by which a study’s validity is judged.
An effectively written methodology section should:
- Introduce the overall methodological approach for investigating your research problem
- Indicate how the approach fits the overall research design.
- Describe the specific methods of data collection you are going to use
- Explain how you intend to analyze your results.
- Provide background and rationale for methodologies that are unfamiliar for your readers.
- Provide a rationale for subject selection and sampling procedure.
- Address potential limitations.

- Are you affiliated with this site? If so please disclose that. Also, if you want to link to that site, please link to the specific page where you found these guidelines. I'm going to edit out the promotional link in the meantime as it doesn't help to answer the question. Thank you. – Monica Cellio Jun 6, 2014 at 14:07
- I wasn't aware that you can submit novellas as research papers. (Well, of course you can submit it, but I cannot imagine any scientific journal will accept it.) – celtschk Jun 14, 2014 at 8:15
Six steps to describe a methodology of writing
Research – Research your topic on internet, academic databases and the library. Submerge yourself in the words of enormous thinkers.
Analysis – Starting with Good knowledge stand, visibly define the claims. Do the SWOT analysis which will help you judge better.
Thesis - Pick and choose your best idea, attach it down in a clear contention and summed up in a brief sentence.
Paragraphs - Each individual paragraph should be focused on a single idea that supports your thesis. Begin paragraphs with topic sentences, support assertions with evidence.
Conclusion - Gracefully exit your writing by making end on some memorable thought, perhaps a quotation, or an interesting twist of logic.
Language - Polished your language by correcting the grammar, making sentences flow, incorporating rhythm and other intuitive edits. Proofread until it reads just how you want it to sound.

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You may find it useful to borrow from other disciplines, here. In the visual arts, the description of the artist's methodology is called an " artist statement " and there are loads of examples and guides to those on the Internet.
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How to write a methodology in 8 steps (definition and types)
Updated 21 July 2022
The Indeed Editorial Team comprises a diverse and talented team of writers, researchers and subject matter experts equipped with Indeed's data and insights to deliver useful tips to help guide your career journey.
Writing a methodology is an essential part of presenting your research findings to the public. Your methodology supports your findings by explaining your research techniques and creating a roadmap of how you reached your conclusion. Knowing how to write this section of your research paper allows you to present the case for why you chose the methods you used and explain how these methods directly lead to answers to the questions you raised in your research. In this article, we explain what a methodology is, why it's important, how to write a methodology and common types of research methodologies.
What is a methodology and why is it important?
A methodology is a detailed description of a research process that you choose to conduct your research as a scientist or a researcher. In other words, it's a contextual framework that presents a logical path for answering questions that you raise at the beginning of your thesis or paper. Typically, the methodology makes up its own section in a paper, in which you can describe your method for gathering, grouping and analysing observational, experimental, simulation and derived data.
Sharing your methodology gives legitimacy to your research. This is especially important if you're conducting scientific or academic research. In this case, your reader expects you to follow common practices that can lead you to a reliable, logical and coherent conclusion. It's also critical that your methodology is repeatable, meaning anyone who uses the same methods can reach the same conclusions you reached.
How to write a methodology
Knowing how to write a methodology may help you improve your research and make sure your results are repeatable. Although the way in which you approach choosing your methods and writing your methodology may be different depending on the type of research you're conducting, there are several basic steps that almost all researchers take to complete this section. Here are eight key steps to writing a methodology:
1. Restate your thesis or research problem
The first step to writing an effective methodology requires that you restate your initial thesis. It's an important step that allows the reader to remember the most important aspects of your research and follow each step of your methodology. Restating your thesis may also be an effective way to address any assumptions you made in your research and to list any variables you tested as a part of your research.
2. Explain the approach you chose
Once you inform the reader about your thesis or research problem by restating it, it's important that you make sure to thoroughly explain the type of research you chose for your paper or project. During this step, you can present your unique viewpoint to the reader. Consider mentioning if you chose quantitative or qualitative data collection methods. If you used both, which is known as the blended approach, or another alternative method, you can explain what led you to this decision.
3. Discuss any uncommon methodologies you use
If the research you're conducting is innovative, you may consider using less-popular research methods. You may even decide to create your own method that lies outside the realm of usual research practices in your field. In a situation like this, it's important that you clarify your choice and explain how this unique method you're working with contributes to the research.
4. Describe how you collected the data you used
There are various data collection methods that you can use to prove or disprove your research question. In this step, you can describe how you collected your data and discuss in more detail why you've decided to choose either the quantitative or qualitative method or combine them to create an alternative method. While describing your collection process, it's important that you introduce transparency to the research by stating how many experiments you conducted and what tools you used to test your subjects. It's also critical to list the criteria you used to choose existing data from other sources.
5. Explain the methods you used to analyse the data you collected
Once you explain how you collected your data, it's important to discuss how you analysed it. Consider telling the reader what tools you used to process data, but do so without sharing the results of your experiments or research yet. In this step, you may also make sure that the arguments for certain data collection and analysis techniques show that your research was accurate. For example, you can do this by listing the exact steps you took and mentioning any software you used.
6. Evaluate and justify the methodological choices you made
This step allows you to spend some time reflecting on your approach, including any potential weaknesses or limitations in your methodology. It's important that you inform the reader about it, as reviewing these weaknesses helps them to better understand the viewpoint and approach that you had throughout your research. This way, you can clearly and accurately present any evidence that supports the methodology of your choice.
7. Mention any obstacles and their solutions
Although you typically want to encounter as few obstacles as possible when conducting research, it's important that you mention them in your methodology if they happen. Consider explaining what caused them and how you managed to overcome them, for example, by adjusting the properties of your research method. This shows the reader your strong problem-solving skills and, in some cases, it may even reinforce the validity of your research.
8. Cite all sources you used to determine your choice of methodology
The final step to writing an effective, complete methodology is referencing sources you used. This includes all papers and other sources that helped you develop the framework for your research and determine your overall methodology. Providing this information allows the reader to understand the bigger picture and helps them gain further knowledge in the field.
Common types of research methodologies
Depending on your research question and sometimes even the field you're in, you may consider using different research methods to draw a conclusion or answer your research question. In some instances, you may also combine several methodologies to draw more accurate conclusions. For example, you can do this if you're research is unusually extensive and summarises a few years of work. Here are 10 common types of research methodologies to consider:
Quantitative research: Quantitative research focuses on collecting and analysing numerical data. There are various subtypes of quantitative research, including surveys, correlational research and experimental research.
Qualitative research: The opposite to quantitative research is qualitative research, which focuses on analysing non-numerical data. For example, you can use it if you're researching languages.
Descriptive research: If you're researching a phenomenon or certain characteristics of a population, you may consider using descriptive research. Rather than answering how or when certain characteristics occurred, it answers the 'what' question.
Conclusive research: Conclusive research, as the name suggests, helps you draw conclusions that you can use to answer your primary research question or prove your thesis. It's also useful when making decisions about developing your methodology.
Surveys: Surveys are lists of questions that you can present to your research subjects to gather data that you want to use in your research. You can conduct surveys in almost all environments, including by phone, email, online or in-person.
Case studies: Case studies are in-depth examinations of particular real-world cases. You can use them to describe scientific phenomena in their natural settings.
Applied research: Applied research is a unique type of methodology that allows you to solve practical problems by using scientific data and study. You can consider using it, for example, when you're conducting medical or technological research.
Fundamental research: Fundamental research, also known as academic or basic research, allows you to better understand or predict phenomena, including natural phenomena. It gives you the opportunity to improve scientific theories.
Exploratory research: Using exploratory research makes it possible for you to analyse a scientific problem that you've not clearly defined. It also makes it possible for you to better understand the cause but doesn't provide an answer or results.
Analytical research: Analytical research is a unique type of research for which you use critical thinking to evaluate facts that relate to your research. In other words, it allows you to find the most relevant information.
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How To Write a Methodology (With Tips and FAQs)
Updated August 8, 2022
The Indeed Editorial Team comprises a diverse and talented team of writers, researchers and subject matter experts equipped with Indeed's data and insights to deliver useful tips to help guide your career journey.
Writing a methodology is an essential part of presenting research findings. Your methodology is a detailed description of the research process you used to support your findings and it explains your techniques and creates a roadmap for how you reached your conclusions. A well-written methodology not only describes the tactics you used but also presents the case for why you chose the methods you used.
In this article, we list the steps necessary in writing a methodology, offer tips for writing a methodology and answer frequently asked questions about writing a methodology.
Why is a methodology important?
Sharing your methodology gives legitimacy to your research. An unreliable or erroneous methodology produces unreliable or erroneous results. The reader of your research expects you to have followed accepted practices so that the conclusions you reach are valid. The methodology you report needs to be repeatable, meaning anyone who uses the methods you write about should reach the same conclusions you reached.
How to write a methodology
Here are the steps to follow when writing a methodology:
1. Restate your thesis or research problem
The first part of your methodology is a restatement of the problem your research investigates. This allows your reader to follow your methodology step by step, from beginning to end. Restating your thesis also provides you an opportunity to address any assumptions you made in your research and to list any variables or conditions you tested in your research.
2. Explain the approach you chose
After restating your research problem, explain the type of research you used. Describe your reasoning for choosing either qualitative or quantitative research or for using a blended approach or any alternative method your specific field recognizes.
3. Explain any uncommon methodology you use
If any part of your process is outside of the realm of usual practices in your field, clarify your choice. For example, you may have created a unique approach specific to your thesis topic or you may have adapted a process usually used in another line of research. Since your methodology provides evidence that your findings are valid, a strong statement of why you use alternative methods in your research answers potential criticism of any unusual methods.
4. Describe how you collected the data you used
Report whether you used quantitative or qualitative data in your research. Describe any experiments you conducted, including how you designed the experiment, how you measured any variables and what tools you needed to conduct the experiment. Explain how you sourced existing data — including how that data was originally gathered — and list the criteria you used to choose existing data from other sources.
5. Explain the methods you used to analyze the data you collected
The next part of your methodology tells your reader how you processed and analyzed the data you collected but doesn't discuss any results or conclusions. If your research was strictly quantitative, list the steps you took to ensure the data was accurate, any software you used to analyze the numbers and any statistical testing you used. If you used purely qualitative research, your analysis may be content-based, theme-based or discourse-based.
6. Evaluate and justify the methodological choices you made
Describe the criteria you used in choosing your approach to your research. List any potential weaknesses in your methodology and present evidence supporting your choice. Include a brief evaluation of other methodology you might have chosen.
7. Discuss any obstacles and their solutions
Outline any obstacles you encountered in your research and list how you overcame them. The problem-solving skills you present in this section strengthen the validity of your research with readers.
8. Cite all sources you used to determine your choice of methodology
The final section of your methodology references the sources you used when determining your overall methodology. This reinforces the validity of your research.

Tips for writing a methodology
When writing a methodology, use these tips to guide your work:
Show how and why Go beyond a simple description of your methods to show how as well as why you used them. This helps demonstrate that you rigorously conducted your research.
Draft as you go Take notes and outline your methodology as you work to make sure you capture all details accurately. The better you record your methods and techniques in real-time, the better your methodology will be.
Focus on your research questions Relate your methodology choices to the central theme of your research. This shows that you chose the best methods to address the problem raised in your thesis.
Write for your audience Craft a methodology that is clearly written and well-structured. Address the audience of your research with good writing, providing more than a list of technical details and procedures.
Frequently asked questions about methodologies
Here are some frequently asked questions about methodology and their answers:
What is the difference between methods and methodology?
Methodology is the overall strategy of your research. Methods are procedures like surveys and experiments that you use to collect and analyze your data.
Where does methodology go?
In your final paper or report, the methodology section follows your introduction and precedes your results and conclusions.
What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative research?
Quantitative research uses numbers and statistics to test a hypothesis through data collection and analysis. Qualitative research explores ideas and experiences using words and meanings.
Are validity and reliability the same thing?
Validity and reliability are related but distinct concepts about how well a method measures something. Validity refers to whether results measure what they are supposed to measure. Reliability refers to whether the same results will be consistently reproduced when all conditions are the same.
What is sampling?
Sampling is the selection of a group from which data is collected. The sample size is determined by the requirements specific to your research topic.
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- The standard drink size of an 80-proof version of a distilled spirit such as gin or whiskey is approximately 1.5 ounces. [1] X Research source This is about forty percent alcohol.
- The standard drink size of a beer with a five percent volume of alcohol is twelve ounces.
- The standard drink size of a wine with a twelve percent volume of alcohol is five ounces.
- In the United States, a standard drink contains approximately fourteen grams of alcohol.

- You can also find the alcohol dose using the formula: (Volume of drinks) x (AC of drinks) x 0.789 = grams of alcohol consumed
- If your area has a different alcohol content in a standard drink, you will need to multiply the number of standard drinks consumed by that alcohol content in grams.
- Body weight in pounds / 0.0022046 = body weight in grams [2] X Research source
- Body weight in pounds x 454 = body weight in grams
- A quick internet search will reveal numerous online calculators for converting pounds to grams.
- 5 Divide the alcohol consumed in grams by (body weight in grams x gender constant. ). This step will give you a raw number based on the alcohol content in your body.

- BAC as a percentage – (elapsed time in hours x 0. 015)
Trying an Example of the Widmark Formula Calculation

Expert Q&A
Video . by using this service, some information may be shared with youtube..
- Whether or not you have eaten food before drinking alcohol will affect your BAC. ⧼thumbs_response⧽ Helpful 1 Not Helpful 0

- The Widmark formula is only a rough indicator of BAC. [3] X Research source In most cases, the Widmark formula underestimates the actual BAC. [4] X Research source ⧼thumbs_response⧽ Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
- No formula for calculating BAC is as accurate as an actual measured test. [5] X Research source Stowell, A.R.; Stowell, L.I. Estimation of blood alcohol concentrations after social drinking. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 43 (1), pp. 14-21, 1998 ⧼thumbs_response⧽ Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
- It is never okay to drive after drinking regardless of what you may calculate as your BAC using this formula. ⧼thumbs_response⧽ Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
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- ↑ http://www.aicr.org/press/health-features/health-talk/2015/02-february/standard-drink-liqueurs.html
- ↑ http://www.metric-conversions.org/weight/pounds-to-grams.htm
- ↑ http://www.yasa.org/upload/uploadedfiles/alcohol.pdf
- ↑ http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1995-27803-001
- ↑ Stowell, A.R.; Stowell, L.I. Estimation of blood alcohol concentrations after social drinking. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 43 (1), pp. 14-21, 1998
About This Article

To calculate blood alcohol content with the Widmark formula, start by figuring out how many grams of alcohol the person consumed by multiplying the number of drinks by 14. Next, convert their weight into grams and multiply it by .55 for females and .68 for males. Then, divide this number by the grams of alcohol consumed to find the raw number. Finally, multiply the raw number by 100 to get the percentage. To learn how to account for elapsed time between drinks, keep reading! Did this summary help you? Yes No
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Writing; Writings for 2 BAC ; eBook English writing - Méthoguide & exemples ; Exemples of writing English BAC ; Guide for writing english ... Part 2 ; Methods for answering the Reading Comprehension questions in the National Exam - Part 3
1- Sender's address 2- Date 3- Recepient's address 4- Formal salutation 5- Body of the letter 6- signature 2- Informal letter: letter which is written to a friend or a relative. A letter should include a heading, an opening, the body, conclusion, and closing. Example : Hay Sandi, N 33 Rabat, Morocco April 8, 2012 Dear John ,
unit 12 - Writing about Agadir city. Download. unit 13 - Writing about environment. Download. unit 14 - Writing about free time. Download. unit 15 - Writing about moroccan wedding. Download. unit 16 - Writings for 2 BAC.
Writings for 2 BAC, Writing, Anglais: 2ème BAC Sciences Physiques, AlloSchool. Basculer la navigation Retour. Anglais; Accueil! Connexion; عربية ; English ; Retour au Cours; Retour à la section; Signaler une erreur; 13 octobre 2020; Writings for 2 BAC ...
2-Types of paragraphs and Examples : a- Argumentative Paragraph: It presents an opinion on a certain topic and lists a number of reasons, examples, facts, ideas to support it. Example1 of a short argumentative paragraph : Nobody denies that voluntary work has many benefits . The very first advantage is that offers helps to people in need.
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2. Mapping. Gather your selected material into specific clusters each connected to a part or section of the paragraph. This stage is crucial because it helps you overcome all the potential troubles you may encounter as time presses on you. Don't worry too much; you are not supposed to write a miraculous paragraph.
Practice Makes Perfect ( the more you practice, the better you will be) 2. Never Give Up ( be patient, everything takes time towards perfection) 3. Believe in Yourself ( you can do it , you can...
How to write a research methodology Why is a methods section important? Step 1: Explain your methodological approach Step 2: Describe your data collection methods Step 3: Describe your analysis method Step 4: Evaluate and justify the methodological choices you made Tips for writing a strong methodology chapter
0. Six steps to describe a methodology of writing. Research - Research your topic on internet, academic databases and the library. Submerge yourself in the words of enormous thinkers. Analysis - Starting with Good knowledge stand, visibly define the claims. Do the SWOT analysis which will help you judge better.
A methodology is a detailed description of a research process that you choose to conduct your research as a scientist or a researcher. In other words, it's a contextual framework that presents a logical path for answering questions that you raise at the beginning of your thesis or paper.
Here are the steps to follow when writing a methodology: 1. Restate your thesis or research problem The first part of your methodology is a restatement of the problem your research investigates. This allows your reader to follow your methodology step by step, from beginning to end.
A Reading Comprehension & Writing Test for 2 Bac. (March 2019) ... Method: A semi structured interview pattern was used to interview twelve international students at the University of Bedfordshire who have at least completed their second semester. They were interviewed to identify the stressors that caused them to stress within their first ...
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A- Planning of a Formal Letter. An Executive Summary This is used only within a business concept Summarises the aims objectives and main findings of the report. Unlike an essay a report discusses in great detail a specific topic in a structured but easy to follow format.
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A quantitative approach and statistical analysis would give you a bigger picture. 3. Identify how your analysis answers your research questions. Relate your methodology back to your original research questions and present a proposed outcome based on your analysis.
The simplified version of the Widmark formula is: BAC = [Alcohol consumed in grams / (Body weight in grams x r)] x 100. In this formula, "r" is the gender constant: r = 0.55 for females and 0.68 for males. 2. Count the number of drinks. In order to calculate BAC using the Widmark formula, you will need to count how many drinks have been ...