• دروس التكوين المهني
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  • السنة الثانية بكالوريا

Exemples English Writings 2 BAC

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I- Paragraph Writing

1- pragraph’s planning:.

methodology of writing 2 bac

Example : Technology’s advantages

Technology has many advantages. To begin with , it’s making our lives easier and comfortable. In other words, people save more time and effort with the use of technology. For example, machines and robots can perform all of our hard tasks perfectly and in no time. Also, great inventions, like the telephone, computers, the television, the cell-phone, and the internet have made communication easier and better. Additionally , research has confirmed the positive effect of technology on our economic growth. Nowadays, 70% of world businesses rely on technology to improve the quality of their products or services. Moreover, the various technological advances in transportation have turned our world into a small village. This has led to effective interaction between people from different places and cultures. In fact, with all these advantages, technology has brought about many positive changes to our every-day lives.

2-Types of paragraphs and  Examples :

A- argumentative paragraph:.

It presents an opinion on a certain topic and lists a number of reasons, examples, facts, ideas to support it.

Example1 of a short argumentative paragraph :

Argumentative paragraph example2 ;.

I believe that every student should study a foreign language for these reasons. First, knowing a foreign language can help you a lot in life. If you speak more than one language, you have better chances to secure a decent job. In fact, Many local companies today deal with other companies in other countries. So, they will certainly need employees who can speak another language. Second, one’s life can be really interesting and exciting when they can talk to people from other countries , read their books, watch their movies, and sing their songs. Nowadays, studying English, for example, gives one the opportunity to learn about the world and its cultures. Remember that a language is not seperate from the people who speak it. When you learn a language you learn more than just words ; in other words ,you learn how other people think and live. In modern times, it’s very important for world peace that we understand one another. Additionally, When you study a different language you learn about yourself, too. Learning another language gives you the chance to look at your own language through someone else’s eyes. For example, English uses only one word for the pronoun you . So, when an American studies Spanish and learns that Spanish uses two words for you, he may ask, “ Why does English have only one word for you ?”. Therfore, the American is then learning about his language and culture. Given all these reason, I think that the world will be a better place if all students every where have the chance to study a foreign language.

Argumentative paragraph Example 3 : Telivision

Although some parents don’t allow their children to watch television, it can be good for them. First of all , I think that television is a cheap entertainment . On Sundays, when children drive their parents crazy, the TV can bring them some fun. Besides this, it is too expensive to take the whole family to the movies. For instance, the family can sit in their living room and watch a movie on television. Secondly, it is my conviction that television can be a good teacher. Studies show that these TV programmes help children do well in school. For example, small children can learn the alphabet and numbers on children’s programmes. In addition to this, nature programmes teach them about our earth and how to care for it. In brief television is a useful medium for the entertainment and teaching of kids.

Argumentative paragraph Example 4: Mobile Phone

Nobody denies that using the mobile has many advantages. The very first benefit is communication. With mobile phones you can communicate with anyone from anywhere at any time. In addition, they have become a source of unlimited entertainment. For example, cell phones allow you to play games, listen to music, watch movies and do a lot of other things. What’s more, Smart phones offer thousands of educational apps. This can be so useful for students in their studies.

b-Cause-Effect Paragraph :

This type of paragraph discusses the causes and consequences of an action, situation, event, or decision.

Example 1: Causes of Dropping of school

There are many factors that can lead teenagers to drop out of school. One major cause is that many youths don’t have positive role models in their lives. So, the absence of an encouraging adult in a young person’s life causes him or her to think negatively about himself or herself. In other words, it will not allow them to live up to their full potential. Also, this lack of a positive role model often results in their involvement with the wrong type of people and activities. When a student becomes involved with the wrong crowd doing the wrong things, he or she usually doesn’t concentrate fully on his or her studies. This can lead many young children to give up on their education quite early. Another cause of dropping out of school is lack of determination. Since they’re not determined to graduate, it can be very difficult for many youngsters to stay in school. Many students find it hard to stay focused on school as they believe that getting an education is useless nowadays. Others simply hate school because they feel they are forced to attend classes. In some cultures, quitting school can be the result of peer and family pressure. Unfortunately, many teenagers give up into this pressure very easily. Even worse, if the presence of such pressure is too negative it can lead to states of depression and drug addiction. In fact, drugs become the only thing they are focused on. As a consequence, their lives are destroyed tragically. Thus, dropping out of school can be the result of personal, psychological, and social factors.

Example2 : Causes of Dropping of school

C- narrative paragraph :.

it tells the reader what happened. It relates a sequence of past events using chronological order. It must contain these elements of : – Setting ( time /place) – Point of view – Character – Action .

Last weekend , I had the best time of my life. On Friday night, my best friend came over and we made a delicious, mouth-watering pizza. After we ate, we had a friendly video game competition. Moments later, my other best friend, Ali, joined us. On Saturday, my dad took us out on the boat. The weather was perfect and the water was warm. It was a great day to go for a swim. Later in the evening , we went to the movies. We saw an action- packed thriller and ate a lot of popcorn. Later that night, we spent some time playing chess. Finally, on Sunday, we went bike-riding around town. By the end of the day, my legs became very sore. We had great moments. I only hope the next weekend can be as fun as this one. Now, with such experience, I’ve changed my opinion about weekends. Now I have to say that weekends can only be as exciting and fun as we’d make them to be.

d-Descriptive Paragraph :

Example: describing a person, example: short paragraph describing a city.

Like a paragraph, an essay has the similar types such as argumentative, cause-effect, narrative or descriptive essay.

Example1 : short argumentative essay on Citizenship :

Active citizenship empowers communities, contributes to their prosperity and promotes social ties. Voluntary work is one of the major values that distinguish the active citizens. So, what are the benefits of volunteering?

Nobody denies that voluntary work has many benefits. The very first advantage is that it offers helps to people in need. In addition, volunteering contributes to the improvement of the community. What’s more , this value helps you reduce stress and boosts your happiness.

To conclude, voluntary work has countless benefits on people and communities. For me, I can’t imagine the world without voluntary work.

Example2 : Argumentative Essay on Mobile phone

[1] Cell phones or mobile phones have become a very important part of our daily lives. It is very difficult to imagine our live without a cell phone. Although it has a lot of benefits, this small gadget may cause harm if it is overused.

[2] Nobody denies that using the mobile has many advantages. The very first benefit is communication. With mobile phones you can communicate with anyone from anywhere at any time. In addition, they have become a source of unlimited entertainment. For example, cell phones allow you to play games, listen to music, watch movies and do a lot of other things. What’s more, Smart phones offer thousands of educational apps. This can be so useful for students in their studies.

[3] On the other hand, there are also negative consequences. First, young people can be addicted to mobile phones, and waste their time on gaming, chatting and watching movies. Besides, cell phones can cause serious health problems according to research studies. Another major consequence is that cell phones lead to a lot of traffic accidents.

[4] All in all, using mobile phones can have negative impact on young people, but it also has many advantages. In the end, it all depends on our usage. I think a mobile phone is a very useful tool in our daily life. However, we should be careful not to overuse it.

Example 3 : Essay on Technology

Technology is the application of science for economic, social, commercial, or practical purposes. It has certainly changed our ways of life both positively and negatively. So, I believe that technology has some drawbacks in addition to its many advantages, too.

On the one hand , technology has many advantages . To begin with , it’s making our lives easier and a lot more comfortable. In other words , people save more time and effort with the use of technology. For example , machines and robots can perform all of our hard tasks perfectly and in no time. Also , great inventions, like the telephone, computers, the television, the cell-phone, and the internet have made communication easier and better. Additionally , findings have shown the positive effect of technology on our economic growth. Nowadays , 70% of world businesses rely on technology to improve the quality of their products or services. Moreover , the various technological advances in transportation have turned our world into a small village. This has led to effective interaction between people from different places and cultures. In fact, with all these advantages, technology has brought about many positive changes to our every-day lives.

On the other hand , there are some drawbacks to technology . First , people are becoming more and more over-dependent on technology. Second, machines are replacing humans in factories. Consequently , more people are losing their jobs to automation , which has led to a rapid increase in unemployment rates, especially among young people. Also , because of the incredible breakthroughs in entertainment industry, people have become less active. That’s to say , they exercize less and spend more too much time sitting before their TV sets, others before their computers surfing the internet or playing video games. Additionally , the technological advancements in chemical industry can be the source of many modern dangerous diseases, like cancer, HIV, and H1N1. What’s more , internet addiction is one of the negative outcomes of modern technology. In fact , technology can be a harmful and destructive tool sometimes.

To sum up , technology has become an essential part of our life. However, it’s a double-edged sword that can change our lives to the better or to the worst. So, it’s entirely up to us to use it either wisely, or foolishly.

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What Is a Research Methodology? | Steps & Tips

Published on August 25, 2022 by Shona McCombes and Tegan George. Revised on January 30, 2023.

Your research methodology discusses and explains the data collection and analysis methods you used in your research. A key part of your thesis, dissertation , or research paper , the methodology chapter explains what you did and how you did it, allowing readers to evaluate the reliability and validity of your research and your dissertation topic .

It should include:

Table of contents

How to write a research methodology, why is a methods section important, step 1: explain your methodological approach, step 2: describe your data collection methods, step 3: describe your analysis method, step 4: evaluate and justify the methodological choices you made, tips for writing a strong methodology chapter, frequently asked questions about methodology.

Your methods section is your opportunity to share how you conducted your research and why you chose the methods you chose. It’s also the place to show that your research was rigorously conducted and can be replicated .

It gives your research legitimacy and situates it within your field, and also gives your readers a place to refer to if they have any questions or critiques in other sections.

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

You can start by introducing your overall approach to your research. You have two options here.

Option 1: Start with your “what”

What research problem or question did you investigate?

And what type of data did you need to achieve this aim?

Option 2: Start with your “why”

Depending on your discipline, you can also start with a discussion of the rationale and assumptions underpinning your methodology. In other words, why did you choose these methods for your study?

Once you have introduced your reader to your methodological approach, you should share full details about your data collection methods .

Quantitative methods

In order to be considered generalizable, you should describe quantitative research methods in enough detail for another researcher to replicate your study.

Here, explain how you operationalized your concepts and measured your variables. Discuss your sampling method or inclusion and exclusion criteria , as well as any tools, procedures, and materials you used to gather your data.

Surveys Describe where, when, and how the survey was conducted.

Experiments Share full details of the tools, techniques, and procedures you used to conduct your experiment.

Existing data Explain how you gathered and selected the material (such as datasets or archival data) that you used in your analysis.

The survey consisted of 5 multiple-choice questions and 10 questions measured on a 7-point Likert scale.

The goal was to collect survey responses from 350 customers visiting the fitness apparel company’s brick-and-mortar location in Boston on July 4–8, 2022, between 11:00 and 15:00.

Here, a customer was defined as a person who had purchased a product from the company on the day they took the survey. Participants were given 5 minutes to fill in the survey anonymously. In total, 408 customers responded, but not all surveys were fully completed. Due to this, 371 survey results were included in the analysis.

Qualitative methods

In qualitative research , methods are often more flexible and subjective. For this reason, it’s crucial to robustly explain the methodology choices you made.

Be sure to discuss the criteria you used to select your data, the context in which your research was conducted, and the role you played in collecting your data (e.g., were you an active participant, or a passive observer?)

Interviews or focus groups Describe where, when, and how the interviews were conducted.

Participant observation Describe where, when, and how you conducted the observation or ethnography .

Existing data Explain how you selected case study materials for your analysis.

In order to gain better insight into possibilities for future improvement of the fitness store’s product range, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 8 returning customers.

Here, a returning customer was defined as someone who usually bought products at least twice a week from the store.

Surveys were used to select participants. Interviews were conducted in a small office next to the cash register and lasted approximately 20 minutes each. Answers were recorded by note-taking, and seven interviews were also filmed with consent. One interviewee preferred not to be filmed.

Mixed methods

Mixed methods research combines quantitative and qualitative approaches. If a standalone quantitative or qualitative study is insufficient to answer your research question, mixed methods may be a good fit for you.

Mixed methods are less common than standalone analyses, largely because they require a great deal of effort to pull off successfully. If you choose to pursue mixed methods, it’s especially important to robustly justify your methods.

Next, you should indicate how you processed and analyzed your data. Avoid going into too much detail: you should not start introducing or discussing any of your results at this stage.

In quantitative research , your analysis will be based on numbers. In your methods section, you can include:

In qualitative research, your analysis will be based on language, images, and observations (often involving some form of textual analysis ).

Specific methods might include:

Mixed methods combine the above two research methods, integrating both qualitative and quantitative approaches into one coherent analytical process.

Above all, your methodology section should clearly make the case for why you chose the methods you did. This is especially true if you did not take the most standard approach to your topic. In this case, discuss why other methods were not suitable for your objectives, and show how this approach contributes new knowledge or understanding.

In any case, it should be overwhelmingly clear to your reader that you set yourself up for success in terms of your methodology’s design. Show how your methods should lead to results that are valid and reliable, while leaving the analysis of the meaning, importance, and relevance of your results for your discussion section .

Remember that your aim is not just to describe your methods, but to show how and why you applied them. Again, it’s critical to demonstrate that your research was rigorously conducted and can be replicated.

1. Focus on your objectives and research questions

The methodology section should clearly show why your methods suit your objectives and convince the reader that you chose the best possible approach to answering your problem statement and research questions .

2. Cite relevant sources

Your methodology can be strengthened by referencing existing research in your field. This can help you to:

3. Write for your audience

Consider how much information you need to give, and avoid getting too lengthy. If you are using methods that are standard for your discipline, you probably don’t need to give a lot of background or justification.

Regardless, your methodology should be a clear, well-structured text that makes an argument for your approach, not just a list of technical details and procedures.

Methodology refers to the overarching strategy and rationale of your research project . It involves studying the methods used in your field and the theories or principles behind them, in order to develop an approach that matches your objectives.

Methods are the specific tools and procedures you use to collect and analyze data (for example, experiments, surveys , and statistical tests ).

In shorter scientific papers, where the aim is to report the findings of a specific study, you might simply describe what you did in a methods section .

In a longer or more complex research project, such as a thesis or dissertation , you will probably include a methodology section , where you explain your approach to answering the research questions and cite relevant sources to support your choice of methods.

In a scientific paper, the methodology always comes after the introduction and before the results , discussion and conclusion . The same basic structure also applies to a thesis, dissertation , or research proposal .

Depending on the length and type of document, you might also include a literature review or theoretical framework before the methodology.

Quantitative research deals with numbers and statistics, while qualitative research deals with words and meanings.

Quantitative methods allow you to systematically measure variables and test hypotheses . Qualitative methods allow you to explore concepts and experiences in more detail.

Reliability and validity are both about how well a method measures something:

If you are doing experimental research, you also have to consider the internal and external validity of your experiment.

A sample is a subset of individuals from a larger population . Sampling means selecting the group that you will actually collect data from in your research. For example, if you are researching the opinions of students in your university, you could survey a sample of 100 students.

In statistics, sampling allows you to test a hypothesis about the characteristics of a population.

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If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

McCombes, S. & George, T. (2023, January 30). What Is a Research Methodology? | Steps & Tips. Scribbr. Retrieved March 11, 2023, from https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/methodology/

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How do you describe a methodology of writing?

How do you describe your methodology of writing?

I am submitting the outline of my novella for a competition and this is one of the requirements:

The outline must include a summary of the Novella as well as the methodology and approach.

elle6677's user avatar

4 Answers 4

John's advice is correct: seek their advice.

However, I think it's pretty straightforward.

The word "methodology" simply means the system of methods used for a particular activity, field of study etc.

So what they're asking for is an outline of your writing methods that you used during the process of creating your novella. I imagine it would include, and not be limited to, the following:

The old saying of "do whatever works for you" means that every writer will have their own methods that they find works for them (sometimes even only for that particular book), and that's probably what they're looking for.

Craig Sefton's user avatar

The methods section of a research paper provides the information by which a study’s validity is judged.

An effectively written methodology section should:

Monica Cellio's user avatar

Six steps to describe a methodology of writing

Research – Research your topic on internet, academic databases and the library. Submerge yourself in the words of enormous thinkers.

Analysis – Starting with Good knowledge stand, visibly define the claims. Do the SWOT analysis which will help you judge better.

Thesis - Pick and choose your best idea, attach it down in a clear contention and summed up in a brief sentence.

Paragraphs - Each individual paragraph should be focused on a single idea that supports your thesis. Begin paragraphs with topic sentences, support assertions with evidence.

Conclusion - Gracefully exit your writing by making end on some memorable thought, perhaps a quotation, or an interesting twist of logic.

Language - Polished your language by correcting the grammar, making sentences flow, incorporating rhythm and other intuitive edits. Proofread until it reads just how you want it to sound.

user290472's user avatar

You may find it useful to borrow from other disciplines, here. In the visual arts, the description of the artist's methodology is called an " artist statement " and there are loads of examples and guides to those on the Internet.

Dylan Kinnett's user avatar

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methodology of writing 2 bac

How to write a methodology in 8 steps (definition and types)

Updated 21 July 2022

The Indeed Editorial Team comprises a diverse and talented team of writers, researchers and subject matter experts equipped with Indeed's data and insights to deliver useful tips to help guide your career journey.

Writing a methodology is an essential part of presenting your research findings to the public. Your methodology supports your findings by explaining your research techniques and creating a roadmap of how you reached your conclusion. Knowing how to write this section of your research paper allows you to present the case for why you chose the methods you used and explain how these methods directly lead to answers to the questions you raised in your research. In this article, we explain what a methodology is, why it's important, how to write a methodology and common types of research methodologies.

What is a methodology and why is it important?

A methodology is a detailed description of a research process that you choose to conduct your research as a scientist or a researcher. In other words, it's a contextual framework that presents a logical path for answering questions that you raise at the beginning of your thesis or paper. Typically, the methodology makes up its own section in a paper, in which you can describe your method for gathering, grouping and analysing observational, experimental, simulation and derived data.

Sharing your methodology gives legitimacy to your research. This is especially important if you're conducting scientific or academic research. In this case, your reader expects you to follow common practices that can lead you to a reliable, logical and coherent conclusion. It's also critical that your methodology is repeatable, meaning anyone who uses the same methods can reach the same conclusions you reached.

How to write a methodology

Knowing how to write a methodology may help you improve your research and make sure your results are repeatable. Although the way in which you approach choosing your methods and writing your methodology may be different depending on the type of research you're conducting, there are several basic steps that almost all researchers take to complete this section. Here are eight key steps to writing a methodology:

1. Restate your thesis or research problem

The first step to writing an effective methodology requires that you restate your initial thesis. It's an important step that allows the reader to remember the most important aspects of your research and follow each step of your methodology. Restating your thesis may also be an effective way to address any assumptions you made in your research and to list any variables you tested as a part of your research.

2. Explain the approach you chose

Once you inform the reader about your thesis or research problem by restating it, it's important that you make sure to thoroughly explain the type of research you chose for your paper or project. During this step, you can present your unique viewpoint to the reader. Consider mentioning if you chose quantitative or qualitative data collection methods. If you used both, which is known as the blended approach, or another alternative method, you can explain what led you to this decision.

3. Discuss any uncommon methodologies you use

If the research you're conducting is innovative, you may consider using less-popular research methods. You may even decide to create your own method that lies outside the realm of usual research practices in your field. In a situation like this, it's important that you clarify your choice and explain how this unique method you're working with contributes to the research.

4. Describe how you collected the data you used

There are various data collection methods that you can use to prove or disprove your research question. In this step, you can describe how you collected your data and discuss in more detail why you've decided to choose either the quantitative or qualitative method or combine them to create an alternative method. While describing your collection process, it's important that you introduce transparency to the research by stating how many experiments you conducted and what tools you used to test your subjects. It's also critical to list the criteria you used to choose existing data from other sources.

5. Explain the methods you used to analyse the data you collected

Once you explain how you collected your data, it's important to discuss how you analysed it. Consider telling the reader what tools you used to process data, but do so without sharing the results of your experiments or research yet. In this step, you may also make sure that the arguments for certain data collection and analysis techniques show that your research was accurate. For example, you can do this by listing the exact steps you took and mentioning any software you used.

6. Evaluate and justify the methodological choices you made

This step allows you to spend some time reflecting on your approach, including any potential weaknesses or limitations in your methodology. It's important that you inform the reader about it, as reviewing these weaknesses helps them to better understand the viewpoint and approach that you had throughout your research. This way, you can clearly and accurately present any evidence that supports the methodology of your choice.

7. Mention any obstacles and their solutions

Although you typically want to encounter as few obstacles as possible when conducting research, it's important that you mention them in your methodology if they happen. Consider explaining what caused them and how you managed to overcome them, for example, by adjusting the properties of your research method. This shows the reader your strong problem-solving skills and, in some cases, it may even reinforce the validity of your research.

8. Cite all sources you used to determine your choice of methodology

The final step to writing an effective, complete methodology is referencing sources you used. This includes all papers and other sources that helped you develop the framework for your research and determine your overall methodology. Providing this information allows the reader to understand the bigger picture and helps them gain further knowledge in the field.

Common types of research methodologies

Depending on your research question and sometimes even the field you're in, you may consider using different research methods to draw a conclusion or answer your research question. In some instances, you may also combine several methodologies to draw more accurate conclusions. For example, you can do this if you're research is unusually extensive and summarises a few years of work. Here are 10 common types of research methodologies to consider:

Quantitative research: Quantitative research focuses on collecting and analysing numerical data. There are various subtypes of quantitative research, including surveys, correlational research and experimental research.

Qualitative research: The opposite to quantitative research is qualitative research, which focuses on analysing non-numerical data. For example, you can use it if you're researching languages.

Descriptive research: If you're researching a phenomenon or certain characteristics of a population, you may consider using descriptive research. Rather than answering how or when certain characteristics occurred, it answers the 'what' question.

Conclusive research: Conclusive research, as the name suggests, helps you draw conclusions that you can use to answer your primary research question or prove your thesis. It's also useful when making decisions about developing your methodology.

Surveys: Surveys are lists of questions that you can present to your research subjects to gather data that you want to use in your research. You can conduct surveys in almost all environments, including by phone, email, online or in-person.

Case studies: Case studies are in-depth examinations of particular real-world cases. You can use them to describe scientific phenomena in their natural settings.

Applied research: Applied research is a unique type of methodology that allows you to solve practical problems by using scientific data and study. You can consider using it, for example, when you're conducting medical or technological research.

Fundamental research: Fundamental research, also known as academic or basic research, allows you to better understand or predict phenomena, including natural phenomena. It gives you the opportunity to improve scientific theories.

Exploratory research: Using exploratory research makes it possible for you to analyse a scientific problem that you've not clearly defined. It also makes it possible for you to better understand the cause but doesn't provide an answer or results.

Analytical research: Analytical research is a unique type of research for which you use critical thinking to evaluate facts that relate to your research. In other words, it allows you to find the most relevant information.

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methodology of writing 2 bac

How To Write a Methodology (With Tips and FAQs)

Updated August 8, 2022

The Indeed Editorial Team comprises a diverse and talented team of writers, researchers and subject matter experts equipped with Indeed's data and insights to deliver useful tips to help guide your career journey.

Writing a methodology is an essential part of presenting research findings. Your methodology is a detailed description of the research process you used to support your findings and it explains your techniques and creates a roadmap for how you reached your conclusions. A well-written methodology not only describes the tactics you used but also presents the case for why you chose the methods you used.

In this article, we list the steps necessary in writing a methodology, offer tips for writing a methodology and answer frequently asked questions about writing a methodology.

Why is a methodology important?

Sharing your methodology gives legitimacy to your research. An unreliable or erroneous methodology produces unreliable or erroneous results. The reader of your research expects you to have followed accepted practices so that the conclusions you reach are valid. The methodology you report needs to be repeatable, meaning anyone who uses the methods you write about should reach the same conclusions you reached.

How to write a methodology

Here are the steps to follow when writing a methodology:

1. Restate your thesis or research problem

The first part of your methodology is a restatement of the problem your research investigates. This allows your reader to follow your methodology step by step, from beginning to end. Restating your thesis also provides you an opportunity to address any assumptions you made in your research and to list any variables or conditions you tested in your research.

2. Explain the approach you chose

After restating your research problem, explain the type of research you used. Describe your reasoning for choosing either qualitative or quantitative research or for using a blended approach or any alternative method your specific field recognizes.

3. Explain any uncommon methodology you use

If any part of your process is outside of the realm of usual practices in your field, clarify your choice. For example, you may have created a unique approach specific to your thesis topic or you may have adapted a process usually used in another line of research. Since your methodology provides evidence that your findings are valid, a strong statement of why you use alternative methods in your research answers potential criticism of any unusual methods.

4. Describe how you collected the data you used

Report whether you used quantitative or qualitative data in your research. Describe any experiments you conducted, including how you designed the experiment, how you measured any variables and what tools you needed to conduct the experiment. Explain how you sourced existing data — including how that data was originally gathered — and list the criteria you used to choose existing data from other sources.

5. Explain the methods you used to analyze the data you collected

The next part of your methodology tells your reader how you processed and analyzed the data you collected but doesn't discuss any results or conclusions. If your research was strictly quantitative, list the steps you took to ensure the data was accurate, any software you used to analyze the numbers and any statistical testing you used. If you used purely qualitative research, your analysis may be content-based, theme-based or discourse-based.

6. Evaluate and justify the methodological choices you made

Describe the criteria you used in choosing your approach to your research. List any potential weaknesses in your methodology and present evidence supporting your choice. Include a brief evaluation of other methodology you might have chosen.

7. Discuss any obstacles and their solutions

Outline any obstacles you encountered in your research and list how you overcame them. The problem-solving skills you present in this section strengthen the validity of your research with readers.

8. Cite all sources you used to determine your choice of methodology

The final section of your methodology references the sources you used when determining your overall methodology. This reinforces the validity of your research.

Tips for writing a methodology

When writing a methodology, use these tips to guide your work:

Show how and why Go beyond a simple description of your methods to show how as well as why you used them. This helps demonstrate that you rigorously conducted your research.

Draft as you go Take notes and outline your methodology as you work to make sure you capture all details accurately. The better you record your methods and techniques in real-time, the better your methodology will be.

Focus on your research questions Relate your methodology choices to the central theme of your research. This shows that you chose the best methods to address the problem raised in your thesis.

Write for your audience Craft a methodology that is clearly written and well-structured. Address the audience of your research with good writing, providing more than a list of technical details and procedures.

Frequently asked questions about methodologies

Here are some frequently asked questions about methodology and their answers:

What is the difference between methods and methodology?

Methodology is the overall strategy of your research. Methods are procedures like surveys and experiments that you use to collect and analyze your data.

Where does methodology go?

In your final paper or report, the methodology section follows your introduction and precedes your results and conclusions.

What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative research?

Quantitative research uses numbers and statistics to test a hypothesis through data collection and analysis. Qualitative research explores ideas and experiences using words and meanings.

Are validity and reliability the same thing?

Validity and reliability are related but distinct concepts about how well a method measures something. Validity refers to whether results measure what they are supposed to measure. Reliability refers to whether the same results will be consistently reproduced when all conditions are the same.

What is sampling?

Sampling is the selection of a group from which data is collected. The sample size is determined by the requirements specific to your research topic.

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2Bac Reading_(S2)_19

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A Reading Comprehension & Writing Test for 2 Bac. (March 2019)

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methodology of writing 2 bac

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Upegui-Hernández explores how Colombian and Dominican children of immigrants living in New York City negotiate multiple identities, family relationships, and life opportunities within transnational contexts and social fields. Colombian and Dominican children of immigrants had parallel psychological experiences of living among multiple cultures, maintaining transnational ties with family in their parents’ home countries, and shared similar identity negotiation strategies that challenge reified notions of ethnic/racial/national identity and identity labels. Transnational ties and involvement among respondents were anchored in family relationships. However, their experiences with social structures were marked by differences in skin color, class, and particular immigration histories.

Juan Carlos Skewes , Ada Long , Ron Weerheijm

Daniela B. DiGregorio

The phenomenon of international adoption with a focus on second language (L2) acquisition of international adoptees (IA) was examined through the personal experiences of a small number of ethnically Russian children and adolescents who were in the process of adapting to a new language, culture and society in the United States. The aim of this qualitative study was to get inside the minds of six IA children and tell their stories by providing thick descriptions of their holistic experiences. The focus of this study was on answering these questions: 1. How do these IA children experience and perceive their L2 acquisition? 2. How do these IA children maintain their native language? Data collection included interviews, school observations and analysis of students’ official records (standardized tests, report cards, evaluations) as well as unofficial documents (photographs, essays, drawings). This qualitative study employed the ethnographic approach to provide detailed descriptions of six participants (ages 8- 21) and the thematic approach with focus on L2 acquisition, first language (L1) maintenance and identity construction. v The analysis of interviews, observations and artifacts resulted in the following findings. The IA students acquired English as a second language in the same stages as typical immigrant children but the process of their L2 acquisition was considerably faster. The IA children adopted at the age of 11 or earlier had a native-like American accent while the older IA students had traces of a Russian accent in their L2. All of the participants struggled with reading comprehension on their standardized tests due to unfamiliar vocabulary. Five out of 6 participants experienced subtractive bilingualism during which their L1 deteriorated and L2 became dominant. The oldest participant experienced additive bilingualism and was able to preserve her L1 while acquiring L2. The interviews also revealed that three older participants identified themselves with both Russian and U.S. cultures while 3 younger participants became fully Americanized. These findings suggest that school staff need to take into consideration cultural and personal backgrounds of IA students and modify the language instruction for them to meet their needs.

Davis Emerson

Introduction: This study aims to understand culture shock and identify various stressors that could cause culture shock among international students. The various coping strategies used by different cultures to cope with culture shock are also to be identified. Method: A semi structured interview pattern was used to interview twelve international students at the University of Bedfordshire who have at least completed their second semester. They were interviewed to identify the stressors that caused them to stress within their first month of their arrival in the new country. Their coping strategy to cope with stress is also identified. The same interview questions were repeated to identify the change in the stress levels and coping strategies in their present context. Stages of culture shock were identified and analysed from the interviews. The five factors as identified by the researcher were put forth to the interviewees to observe their views on these factors that would help them to moderate the effects of stress. Questionnaires to measure their emotional intelligence, individualism and collectivism values were also administered to observe individual and cultural differences. Result: The findings of this research closely mirrored with that of literature. The factors that could cause stress are perceived differently and it varies within demographic variables like gender, ethnicity and country. The coping strategies adopted are observed to be different among different cultures. Almost all the students in their present situation are observed to have greater academic and career related stress. Women appear bold and quick in the initial Euphoria stage but men are better able to adapt to the new culture at ease. Conclusion: Even though perception towards stressors and coping strategies are different with culture and ethnicity, all students are caught up within culture shock with varying degrees. Awareness should be made to the students about culture shock and various ways to cope with it. Personal finance was rated to be a major factor in moderating the effects of stress followed by academic achievement and social support. Key words: Culture shock, stress, international students, ethnicity, coping strategy.

Mubarak Abdessalami

This paper is presenting the idea of using adjectives as raw material to set up a bridge able to attach the language to its culture. Adjectives are omnipresent in English expressions as in idiomatic similes, descriptive styles, functions, proverbs and so on. The paper is only a blueprint which needs extended elaboration to reach other levels. I wish this very humble and simplified work will be of some utility for educators and whom it concerns.

Rachel Uthmann

Beau Le Hai Dang

Albert Pilot , S. Van Ginkel

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    Writing; Writings for 2 BAC ; eBook English writing - Méthoguide & exemples ; Exemples of writing English BAC ; Guide for writing english ... Part 2 ; Methods for answering the Reading Comprehension questions in the National Exam - Part 3

  2. Bac2 Most Common Exam Writing Types

    1- Sender's address 2- Date 3- Recepient's address 4- Formal salutation 5- Body of the letter 6- signature 2- Informal letter: letter which is written to a friend or a relative. A letter should include a heading, an opening, the body, conclusion, and closing. Example : Hay Sandi, N 33 Rabat, Morocco April 8, 2012 Dear John ,

  3. Exemples English Writings 2 BAC

    unit 12 - Writing about Agadir city. Download. unit 13 - Writing about environment. Download. unit 14 - Writing about free time. Download. unit 15 - Writing about moroccan wedding. Download. unit 16 - Writings for 2 BAC.

  4. Writings for 2 BAC

    Writings for 2 BAC, Writing, Anglais: 2ème BAC Sciences Physiques, AlloSchool. Basculer la navigation Retour. Anglais; Accueil! Connexion; عربية ; English ; Retour au Cours; Retour à la section; Signaler une erreur; 13 octobre 2020; Writings for 2 BAC ...

  5. PART1 ( Pragraph and Essay Writing )

    2-Types of paragraphs and Examples : a- Argumentative Paragraph: It presents an opinion on a certain topic and lists a number of reasons, examples, facts, ideas to support it. Example1 of a short argumentative paragraph : Nobody denies that voluntary work has many benefits . The very first advantage is that offers helps to people in need.

  6. 2 BAC

    Writing Writings for 2 BAC Exemples of writing English BAC Guide for writing english How to write a letter How to write in English Le english writing au baccalauréat Liste de mots de liaisons pour writing Méthodologie Writing BAC Mots et expressions utiles en anglais Bridge Description of a person - Summary and practice Description […]

  7. Descriptive Paragraph Writing

    2. Mapping. Gather your selected material into specific clusters each connected to a part or section of the paragraph. This stage is crucial because it helps you overcome all the potential troubles you may encounter as time presses on you. Don't worry too much; you are not supposed to write a miraculous paragraph.

  8. 2/3 Bac2: WRITING 2 ( E-mail and letter) منهجية إميل و رسالة

    Practice Makes Perfect ( the more you practice, the better you will be) 2. Never Give Up ( be patient, everything takes time towards perfection) 3. Believe in Yourself ( you can do it , you can...

  9. What Is a Research Methodology?

    How to write a research methodology Why is a methods section important? Step 1: Explain your methodological approach Step 2: Describe your data collection methods Step 3: Describe your analysis method Step 4: Evaluate and justify the methodological choices you made Tips for writing a strong methodology chapter

  10. How do you describe a methodology of writing?

    0. Six steps to describe a methodology of writing. Research - Research your topic on internet, academic databases and the library. Submerge yourself in the words of enormous thinkers. Analysis - Starting with Good knowledge stand, visibly define the claims. Do the SWOT analysis which will help you judge better.

  11. How to write a methodology in 8 steps (definition and types)

    A methodology is a detailed description of a research process that you choose to conduct your research as a scientist or a researcher. In other words, it's a contextual framework that presents a logical path for answering questions that you raise at the beginning of your thesis or paper.

  12. How To Write a Methodology (With Tips and FAQs)

    Here are the steps to follow when writing a methodology: 1. Restate your thesis or research problem The first part of your methodology is a restatement of the problem your research investigates. This allows your reader to follow your methodology step by step, from beginning to end.

  13. (PDF) 2Bac Reading_(S2)_19

    A Reading Comprehension & Writing Test for 2 Bac. (March 2019) ... Method: A semi structured interview pattern was used to interview twelve international students at the University of Bedfordshire who have at least completed their second semester. They were interviewed to identify the stressors that caused them to stress within their first ...

  14. Writing 2 Bac

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  15. How To Write A Report 2 Bac Examples

    A- Planning of a Formal Letter. An Executive Summary This is used only within a business concept Summarises the aims objectives and main findings of the report. Unlike an essay a report discusses in great detail a specific topic in a structured but easy to follow format.

  16. writing 2 Bac 2020 / منهجية جاهزة وسهلة / ضمن نقطتك

    About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright ...

  17. Writing 2 Bac

    Khusus seputar kursus/pendidikan serta penempatan kerja, dapat menghubungi WA : +62 812 4458 4482. 100% Success rate. 1 (888)814-4206 1 (888)499-5521. Show Less.

  18. How to Write Research Methodology: 13 Steps (with Pictures)

    A quantitative approach and statistical analysis would give you a bigger picture. 3. Identify how your analysis answers your research questions. Relate your methodology back to your original research questions and present a proposed outcome based on your analysis.

  19. How to Calculate Blood Alcohol Content (Widmark Formula)

    The simplified version of the Widmark formula is: BAC = [Alcohol consumed in grams / (Body weight in grams x r)] x 100. In this formula, "r" is the gender constant: r = 0.55 for females and 0.68 for males. 2. Count the number of drinks. In order to calculate BAC using the Widmark formula, you will need to count how many drinks have been ...